英国卫报:群众的力量(4)

For most of us, a crowd can be an alluring¹ thing, because the desire to be among the throng² seems to be innate³.

对我们大多数人来说，聚集是一件诱人的事情，因为融入人群的欲望似乎是与生俱来的。

Gathering⁴ together for ritualistic celebrations – dancing, chanting, festivalling,

因仪式庆典聚集在一起——跳舞，吟颂，狂欢，

costuming, singing, marching – goes back almost as far as we have any record of human behaviour.

戏装、唱歌、行军——它几乎可以追溯到有任何人类行为记录的时代。

In 2003, 13,000-year-old cave paintings were discovered in Nottinghamshire that seemed to show "conga lines" of dancing women.

2003年，诺丁汉郡发现了1.3万年前的洞穴壁画，这些壁画似乎展示了跳舞妇女的“康茄舞队列”。

According to the archeologist Paul Pettitt, the paintings matched others across Europe,

据考古学家保罗·佩提特说，这些画与欧洲其他国家的画不相上下，

indicating that they were part of a continent-wide Paleolithic culture of collective singing and dancing.

这表明他们是整个大陆上集体唱歌和跳舞的旧石器文化的一部分。

In Barbara Ehrenreich's 2007 book Dancing in the Streets: A History of Collective Joy,

在芭芭拉·埃伦赖希在2007年出版的《街头舞蹈：一段集体欢乐的历史》中：

she draws on the work of anthropologists including Robin⁵ Dunbar to argue that dancing and music-making was a social glue

她引用了包括罗宾·邓巴在内的人类学家的研究成果，认为舞蹈和音乐创作是一种社会粘合剂，

that helped stone-age families join together in larger groups than the family unit, to hunt and protect themselves from predators⁶.

它们使得石器时代的家庭组成比家庭更大的群体，以捕猎和保护自己免受捕食者的伤害。

For Ehrenreich, rituals of collective joy are as intrinsic to human development as speech.

对埃伦赖希来说，集体欢乐的仪式就像说话一样，是人类发展的内在本质。

More recent experiments by Dunbar and his colleagues have suggested that the capacity of singing together to bond groups of strangers shows

邓巴和他的同事们最近的实验表明，通过一起唱歌将一群陌生人凝聚在一起的能力表明，

it "may have played a role in the evolutionary⁷ success of modern humans over their early relatives".

它“可能在现代人类相对于其早期亲属的进化成功中发挥了作用”。

The power of crowds has long fixated religious and secular⁸ leaders alike,

群众的力量长期以来都是宗教和世俗领袖们关注的焦点，

who have sought to harness communal⁹ energy for their own glorification¹⁰,

他们试图利用公共能量来美化自己，

or to tame mass gatherings¹¹ when they start to take on a momentum¹² of their own.

或者当群众集会开始有了自己的势头时，压制他们。

Ehrenreich records the medieval Christian¹³ church's long battle to eradicate¹⁴ unruly, ecstatic or immoderate dancing from the congregation.

埃伦赖希记录了中世纪基督教会为根除会众中不守规矩、狂热或不道德的舞蹈而进行的长期斗争。

In later centuries, as the reformation and industrial revolution proceeded, festivals, feast days, sports, revels¹⁵

在后来的几个世纪里，随着宗教改革和工业革命的进行，各种节日、基督教节日、体育、狂欢，

and ecstatic rituals of countless¹⁶ kinds were outlawed¹⁸ for their tendency to result in drunken, pagan or otherwise ungodly behaviour.

还有无数种类的狂热仪式因其容易导致醉酒、产生异教徒或其他不敬神的的行为而被宣布为非法。

Between the 17th and 20th centuries, there were "literally¹⁹ thousands of acts of legislation introduced which attempted to outlaw¹⁷ carnival²⁰ and popular festivity from European life,"

在17世纪和20世纪之间，有“几乎上千的立法法案被实施，试图将狂欢节和流行的节日从欧洲生活中取缔，”

wrote Peter Stallybrass and Allon White in The Politics and Poetics of Transgression²¹.

彼得·史泰利布拉斯和阿隆·怀特在《违法的政治和诗学》中写道。

1 alluring   

adj.吸引人的，迷人的

参考例句：

• The life in a big city is alluring for the young people. 大都市的生活对年轻人颇具诱惑力。
• Lisette's large red mouth broke into a most alluring smile. 莉莎特的鲜红的大嘴露出了一副极为诱人的微笑。

2 throng   

n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集

参考例句：

• A patient throng was waiting in silence.一大群耐心的人在静静地等着。
• The crowds thronged into the mall.人群涌进大厅。

3 innate   

adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的

参考例句：

• You obviously have an innate talent for music.你显然有天生的音乐才能。
• Correct ideas are not innate in the mind.人的正确思想不是自己头脑中固有的。

4 gathering   

n.集会，聚会，聚集

参考例句：

• He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
• He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。

5 robin   

n.知更鸟，红襟鸟

参考例句：

• The robin is the messenger of spring.知更鸟是报春的使者。
• We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin.我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天要到了。

6 predators   

n.食肉动物( predator的名词复数 )；奴役他人者（尤指在财务或性关系方面）

参考例句：

• birds and their earthbound predators 鸟和地面上捕食它们的动物
• The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement. 捕食性动物的眼睛能感觉到最细小的动静。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 evolutionary   

adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的

参考例句：

• Life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
• These are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。

8 secular   

n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的

参考例句：

• We live in an increasingly secular society.我们生活在一个日益非宗教的社会。
• Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英国是个世俗主导的多元社会。

9 communal   

adj.公有的，公共的，公社的，公社制的

参考例句：

• There was a communal toilet on the landing for the four flats.在楼梯平台上有一处公共卫生间供4套公寓使用。
• The toilets and other communal facilities were in a shocking state.厕所及其他公共设施的状况极其糟糕。

10 glorification   

n.赞颂

参考例句：

• Militant devotion to and glorification of one's country; fanatical patriotism. 对国家的军事效忠以及美化；狂热的爱国主义。
• Glorification-A change of place, a new condition with God. 得荣─在神面前新处境，改变了我们的结局。

11 gatherings   

聚集( gathering的名词复数 )； 收集； 采集； 搜集

参考例句：

• His conduct at social gatherings created a lot of comment. 他在社交聚会上的表现引起许多闲话。
• During one of these gatherings a pupil caught stealing. 有一次，其中一名弟子偷窃被抓住。

12 momentum   

n.动力，冲力，势头；动量

参考例句：

• We exploit the energy and momentum conservation laws in this way.我们就是这样利用能量和动量守恒定律的。
• The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。

13 Christian   

adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒

参考例句：

• They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
• His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。

14 eradicate   

v.根除，消灭，杜绝

参考例句：

• These insects are very difficult to eradicate.这些昆虫很难根除。
• They are already battling to eradicate illnesses such as malaria and tetanus.他们已经在努力消灭疟疾、破伤风等疾病。

15 revels   

n.作乐( revel的名词复数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉v.作乐( revel的第三人称单数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉

参考例句：

• Christmas revels with feasting and dancing were common in England. 圣诞节的狂欢歌舞在英国是很常见的。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• Dickens openly revels in the book's rich physical detail and high-hearted conflict. 狄更斯对该书中丰富多彩的具体细节描写和勇敢的争斗公开表示欣赏。 来自辞典例句

16 countless   

adj.无数的，多得不计其数的

参考例句：

• In the war countless innocent people lost their lives.在这场战争中无数无辜的人丧失了性命。
• I've told you countless times.我已经告诉你无数遍了。

17 outlaw   

n.歹徒，亡命之徒；vt.宣布…为不合法

参考例句：

• The outlaw hid out in the hills for several months.逃犯在山里隐藏了几个月。
• The outlaw has been caught.歹徒已被抓住了。

18 outlawed   

宣布…为不合法（outlaw的过去式与过去分词形式）

参考例句：

• Most states have outlawed the use of marijuana. 大多数州都宣布使用大麻为非法行为。
• I hope the sale of tobacco will be outlawed someday. 我希望有朝一日烟草制品会禁止销售。

19 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

20 carnival   

n.嘉年华会，狂欢，狂欢节，巡回表演

参考例句：

• I got some good shots of the carnival.我有几个狂欢节的精彩镜头。
• Our street puts on a carnival every year.我们街的居民每年举行一次嘉年华会。

21 transgression   

n.违背；犯规；罪过

参考例句：

• The price can make an action look more like a transaction than a transgression.罚款让一个行为看起来更像是一笔交易而不是一次违法行为。
• The areas of transgression are indicated by wide spacing of the thickness contours.那幢摩天大楼高耸入云。