英国卫报：此时蜜糖,彼时砒霜(9)

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Nutritionists have found it in themselves to blame our chronic¹ ills on virtually any element of the diet or environment – on fats and cholesterol²,

营养学家发现，他们自己就把我们的慢性疾病归咎于几乎任何饮食或环境因素——脂肪和胆固醇、

on protein and meat, on gluten and glycoproteins, growth hormones³ and oestrogens and antibiotics⁴, on the absence of fibre, vitamins and minerals,

蛋白质和肉类、谷蛋白和糖蛋白、生长激素和雌激素和抗生素、纤维、维生素和矿物质的缺乏、

and surely on the presence of salt, on processed foods in general, on over-consumption and sedentary behaviour – before they'll concede

当然还有盐、加工食品、过度消费和久坐行为——在他们承认

that it's even possible that sugar has played a unique role in any way other than merely getting us all to eat too damn much.

“除了吃得太多，糖还可能以某种方式发挥着独特的作用”之前。

And so, when a few informed authorities over the years did indeed risk their credibility by suggesting sugar was to blame,

因此，多年来，当一些知情的权威人士冒着可信度的风险提出糖是罪魁祸首时，

their words had little effect on the beliefs of their colleagues or on the eating habits of a population that had come to rely on sugar and sweets as the rewards for the sufferings of daily life.

他们的话对他们同事的信念，或对那些依赖糖和糖果作为生活中痛苦的回报的人们来说几乎没有影响，他们不会改变自己的饮食习惯。

So how do we establish a safe level of sugar consumption? In 1986, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that most experts considered sugar safe.

那么我们如何确定一个安全的糖摄入量呢？1986年，美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)得出结论，大多数专家认为糖是安全的。

And when the relevant research communities settled on caloric imbalance as the cause of obesity⁵ and saturated⁶ fat as the dietary cause of heart disease, the clinical trials necessary to begin to answer this question were never pursued.

当相关研究团体将热量不平衡确定为肥胖的原因，将饱和脂肪确定为心脏病的饮食原因时，他们从未进行过可以解开这一问题的临床试验。

The traditional response to the how-little-is-too-much question is that we should eat sugar in moderation – not eat too much of it.

对于“多少才算多”这个问题，通常的回答是我们吃糖应适量，不能吃太多。

But we only know we're consuming too much when we're getting fatter or manifesting other symptoms of insulin resistance and metabolic⁷ syndrome⁸.

但只有当我们变胖或者出现胰岛素抵抗和代谢综合征的其他症状时，我们才知道自己的糖摄入量多了。

Insulin resistance is the fundamental defect present in type 2 diabetes⁹, and perhaps obesity too.

胰岛素抵抗是2型糖尿病的基本缺陷，可能还有肥胖。

Those who are obese¹⁰ and diabetic also tend to be hypertensive; they have a higher risk of heart disease, cancer and strokes, and possibly dementia and even Alzheimer's as well.

肥胖和糖尿病患者也有可能患上高血压，他们患心脏病、癌症和中风的风险更高，还可能患痴呆甚至阿尔茨海默病。

If sugar and high-fructose corn syrup¹¹ are the cause of obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, then they're also the most likely dietary trigger of these other diseases.

如果糖和高果糖玉米糖浆是肥胖、糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗的致因，那么它们也最有可能是这些其他疾病的饮食触发器。

Put simply: without these sugars in our diets, the cluster of related illnesses would be far less common than it is today.

简而言之：如果我们的饮食中没有这些糖，相关疾病群就不会像今天这样常见。

1 chronic   

adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的

参考例句：

• Famine differs from chronic malnutrition.饥荒不同于慢性营养不良。
• Chronic poisoning may lead to death from inanition.慢性中毒也可能由虚弱导致死亡。

2 cholesterol   

n.（U）胆固醇

参考例句：

• There is cholesterol in the cell of body.人体细胞里有胆固醇。
• They are determining the serum-protein and cholesterol levels.他们正在测定血清蛋白和胆固醇的浓度。

3 hormones   

n. 荷尔蒙，激素 名词hormone的复数形式

参考例句：

• This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body. 这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
• The adrenals produce a large per cent of a man's sex hormones. 肾上腺分泌人体的大部分性激素。

4 antibiotics   

n.（用作复数）抗生素；（用作单数）抗生物质的研究；抗生素，抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现
• The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。

5 obesity   

n.肥胖，肥大

参考例句：

• One effect of overeating may be obesity.吃得过多能导致肥胖。
• Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity than some other foods.糖和脂肪比其他食物更容易导致肥胖。

6 saturated   

a.饱和的，充满的

参考例句：

• The continuous rain had saturated the soil. 连绵不断的雨把土地淋了个透。
• a saturated solution of sodium chloride 氯化钠饱和溶液

7 metabolic   

adj.新陈代谢的

参考例句：

• Impressive metabolic alternations have been undergone during embryogenesis.在胚胎发生期间经历了深刻的代谢变化。
• A number of intoxicants are associated with metabolic acidosis.许多毒性物质可引起代谢性酸中毒。

8 syndrome   

n.综合病症；并存特性

参考例句：

• The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome. 该研究所表示,引起这种综合症的是一种尚未确认的病毒。
• Results indicated that 11 fetuses had Down syndrome. 结果表明有11个胎儿患有唐氏综合征。

9 diabetes   

n.糖尿病

参考例句：

• In case of diabetes, physicians advise against the use of sugar.对于糖尿病患者，医生告诫他们不要吃糖。
• Diabetes is caused by a fault in the insulin production of the body.糖尿病是由体內胰岛素分泌失调引起的。

10 obese   

adj.过度肥胖的，肥大的

参考例句：

• The old man is really obese,it can't be healthy.那位老人确实过于肥胖了，不能算是健康。
• Being obese and lazy is dangerous to health.又胖又懒危害健康。

11 syrup   

n.糖浆，糖水

参考例句：

• I skimmed the foam from the boiling syrup.我撇去了煮沸糖浆上的泡沫。
• Tinned fruit usually has a lot of syrup with it.罐头水果通常都有许多糖浆。