英国新闻听力 贸易和人权如何保持平衡

At a recent hearing of Parliament’s Foreign Affairs Committee a lively exchange occurred on the place of Human Rights in Foreign Policy considerations. The Committee heard that while Human Rights were still an integral part of the FCO’s work, they were no longer one of the top priorities. Trade was now further up the list.

Integrating human rights into foreign policy poses difficult dilemmas² for many western governments. Getting the balance right all the time can be challenging. The late Robin³ Cook, spoke⁴ of an ethical⁵ foreign policy. Few countries now speak of such a policy, for fear of being called out on it. But in my experience having served overseas as a diplomat⁶, the ethical dimension remains⁷ strong, albeit⁸ implicitly⁹ so.

Diplomacy¹⁰ is about building and maintaining relationships with individuals, groups and states – and sometimes with those who don’t share common values. Diplomacy navigates¹¹ and influences difference. As with human relationships, if one desires a positive change in the other then engagement is one way of achieving that through building up contact and hopefully trust and confidence. In extreme cases of difference, diplomats¹² might ask at what stage you can speak to terrorists? Or when can you deal with dictatorships and how? Earlier generations faced similar values dilemmas when dealing¹³ with the USSR and Warsaw Pact¹⁴.

Political Scientists disagree on whether the market comes before the democracy or vice¹⁵ versa. That feeds into the policy dilemma¹ on human rights and trade.

Adopting too absolutist an approach on trade or human rights is likely to be ineffective. Giving trade a stronger priority over human rights in foreign policy might actually hasten the day when they are more sustainably embedded¹⁶, or it might simply help to sustain the injustice¹⁷. As with our human actions, all depends on the purity of motive¹⁸ underpinning¹⁹ the policy choice and the standards by which we discern that.

A self-interested utilitarian²⁰ focus on trade alone is unlikely to bring positive change for either society. Clive of India and the East India Company is a history not to be repeated. But equally, a too purist approach to achieving human rights and democracy risks putting impossible expectations on developing countries, in particular the weaker ones, to achieve standards that took us centuries to deliver.

Trade and Human Rights are not mutually exclusive; in the right circumstances one can lead to the other. When Jesus spoke about being as wise as serpents and as innocent as doves, he illustrated²¹ the balance that sometimes has to be struck. Foreign relations, like human relationships, ask us to discern the purity of our choices and subsequent actions. For people of faith, we believe that one day we will have to account for them.

在议会外事委员会最近一次会议上，人们就人权在考虑外交政策时的地位进行了现场交流。该委员会获悉人权仍然是外事委员会工作不可缺少的一部分，却不再是要务。贸易问题现在高居榜首。

将人权融入外交政策给许多西方政府带来了困境。任何时候都保持平衡非常具有挑战性。已故的罗宾·库克曾经说到民族外交政策。现在已经很少有国家提及这样的政策，担心因为这个问题被传唤。但是根据我在海外担任外交官的经验，伦理维度仍然非常强烈，尽管非常隐晦。

外交指的是在个人，组织和国家之间建立并维持关系——有时这些对象之间价值观并不相同。外交手段可以引导并影响这些分歧。就像人类关系一样，如果一人希望另外一人做出积极的改变，达到这一目标的方法就是通过建立联系，信任和信心，从而签订契约。在存在分歧的极端例子中，外交官或许会问在那一阶段你可以和恐怖分子对话？或者你何时可以处理独裁问题，以何种方式？此前的几代人达成苏联和华沙公约时也面临类似的价值观困境。

关于市场优先于民主制度，还是相反，政治科学家的意见并不相同。关于人权和贸易的政策困境也是如此。

对贸易或人权采取过于专制的方法可能没有效果。在外交政策中给予贸易优先于人权的地位或许会加速这一天的到来——使它们更加根深蒂固，或者简单地导致不公平。至于人类行动，一切都取决于巩固政策选择的动机的纯正性，以及我们理解这些政策的标准。

以自我利益为主，单单注重贸易的功利主义者不可能给任何社会带来积极的改变。印度和东印度克莱夫公司的历史不应该再重演。但是同样地，单纯追求人权和民主的过于纯化论者也会给发展中国家带来不切实际的期望，尤其是比较弱小的国家，相当于让他们执行我们花费了几个世纪才达到的标准。

贸易和人权不是互相排斥的，在正确的条件下，两者是相辅相成的。耶稣说，人类像蛇一样狡猾，像鸽子一样纯洁，他阐述的是人类有时必须遵守的平衡。外交关系就像人类关系一样，要求我们辨别我们的选择和随后的行动的纯正性。对于有信仰的人来说，我们相信我们总有一天能够为他们负责。

1 dilemma   

n.困境，进退两难的局面

参考例句：

• I am on the horns of a dilemma about the matter.这件事使我进退两难。
• He was thrown into a dilemma.他陷入困境。

2 dilemmas   

n.左右为难( dilemma的名词复数 )；窘境，困境

参考例句：

• They dealt with their dilemmas by mixing perhaps unintentionally an explosive brew. 他们――也许是无意地――把爆炸性的佐料混合在一起，以此来应付困难处境。 来自辞典例句
• Ten years later we encountered the same dilemmas in Vietnam. 十年后，我们又在越南遇到了同样进退两难的局面。 来自辞典例句

3 robin   

n.知更鸟，红襟鸟

参考例句：

• The robin is the messenger of spring.知更鸟是报春的使者。
• We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin.我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天要到了。

4 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

5 ethical   

adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的

参考例句：

• It is necessary to get the youth to have a high ethical concept.必须使青年具有高度的道德观念。
• It was a debate which aroused fervent ethical arguments.那是一场引发强烈的伦理道德争论的辩论。

6 diplomat   

n.外交官，外交家；能交际的人，圆滑的人

参考例句：

• The diplomat threw in a joke, and the tension was instantly relieved.那位外交官插进一个笑话，紧张的气氛顿时缓和下来。
• He served as a diplomat in Russia before the war.战前他在俄罗斯当外交官。

7 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

8 albeit   

conj.即使；纵使；虽然

参考例句：

• Albeit fictional,she seemed to have resolved the problem.虽然是虚构的，但是在她看来好象是解决了问题。
• Albeit he has failed twice,he is not discouraged.虽然失败了两次，但他并没有气馁。

9 implicitly   

adv. 含蓄地, 暗中地, 毫不保留地

参考例句：

• Many verbs and many words of other kinds are implicitly causal. 许多动词和许多其他类词都蕴涵着因果关系。
• I can trust Mr. Somerville implicitly, I suppose? 我想，我可以毫无保留地信任萨莫维尔先生吧？

10 diplomacy   

n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕

参考例句：

• The talks have now gone into a stage of quiet diplomacy.会谈现在已经进入了“温和外交”阶段。
• This was done through the skill in diplomacy. 这是通过外交手腕才做到的。

11 navigates   

v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的第三人称单数 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃

参考例句：

• Dolpins also navigates by some kind of echo system. 原来海豚也是借助某种回声系统寻向的。 来自辞典例句
• Navigates in menus, lists, choice screens and into edited texts. 可以操纵菜单、列表、屏幕选项和进入编辑文本。 来自互联网

12 diplomats   

n.外交官( diplomat的名词复数 )；有手腕的人，善于交际的人

参考例句：

• These events led to the expulsion of senior diplomats from the country. 这些事件导致一些高级外交官被驱逐出境。
• The court has no jurisdiction over foreign diplomats living in this country. 法院对驻本国的外交官无裁判权。 来自《简明英汉词典》

13 dealing   

n.经商方法，待人态度

参考例句：

• This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
• His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。

14 pact   

n.合同，条约，公约，协定

参考例句：

• The two opposition parties made an electoral pact.那两个反对党订了一个有关选举的协定。
• The trade pact between those two countries came to an end.那两国的通商协定宣告结束。

15 vice   

n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的

参考例句：

• He guarded himself against vice.他避免染上坏习惯。
• They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。

16 embedded   

a.扎牢的

参考例句：

• an operation to remove glass that was embedded in his leg 取出扎入他腿部玻璃的手术
• He has embedded his name in the minds of millions of people. 他的名字铭刻在数百万人民心中。

17 injustice   

n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利

参考例句：

• They complained of injustice in the way they had been treated.他们抱怨受到不公平的对待。
• All his life he has been struggling against injustice.他一生都在与不公正现象作斗争。

18 motive   

n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的

参考例句：

• The police could not find a motive for the murder.警察不能找到谋杀的动机。
• He had some motive in telling this fable.他讲这寓言故事是有用意的。

19 underpinning   

n.基础材料；基础结构；（学说、理论等的）基础；（人的）腿v.用砖石结构等从下面支撑（墙等）( underpin的现在分词 )；加固（墙等）的基础；为（论据、主张等）打下基础；加强

参考例句：

• Underpinning this success has been an exemplary record of innovation. 具有典范性的创新确保了这次成功。 来自辞典例句
• But underpinning Mr Armstrong's technology changes is a human touch. 但阿姆斯特朗技术变革的支柱是人情味。 来自互联网

20 utilitarian   

adj.实用的，功利的

参考例句：

• On the utilitarian side American education has outstridden the rest of the world.在实用方面美国教育已超越世界各国。
• A good cloth coat is more utilitarian than a fur one.一件优质的布外衣要比一件毛皮外衣更有用。

21 illustrated   

adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• His lecture was illustrated with slides taken during the expedition. 他在讲演中使用了探险时拍摄到的幻灯片。
• The manufacturing Methods: Will be illustrated in the next chapter. 制作方法将在下一章说明。