GRE作文考试衔接问题处理方法与技巧（下）

 　　另外，段落之间也有可能出现转折逻辑关系，相应的连接语也会发生变化，比如：

　　One reason for my fundamental agreement with the speaker is that withholding¹ some personal information is necessary to gain and maintain political leadership.……

　　Another reason why I essentially² agree with the speaker is that fully³ disclosing to the public certain types of information would threaten public safety and perhaps even national security.……

　　Having recognized that withholding information from the public is often necessary to serve the interests of that public, legitimate⁴ political leadership nevertheless requires forthrightness⁶ with the citizenry as to the leader's motives⁷ and agenda.……

　　上面是一篇GRE北美范文的三个中间段的topic sentences，可以发现，前两段之间是并列关系(one reason/another reason)，而第三段和前两段之间就是转折关系(nevertheless)

　　*Among sentences:

　　Office workers' time is hardly enough for their own work. As a result, big companies lack necessary team spirit, rendering⁸ employees' emotional distance from each other.

　　这两句话论证了为什么大公司缺乏必要的团队精神，员工之间感情淡漠，各自忙于工作是原因，缺乏team spirit是结果，所以前后两句话之间通过连接语As a result表明了因果逻辑关系。同样的，句子之间也有并列与转折关系：

　　For example, foods in western world, such as cheese, jam and butter, are now becoming familiar and popular in China. By the same token, more and more products with Chinese style can be found in American markets.(并列)

　　In the past, people may only obtain information from some traditional media, such as televisions, books, or newspapers. However, today people are able to receive the same material through computers.(转折)

　　*Among words：

　　Instead ofobtaining splendid grade in exams, students' main assignment is to perceive the way to search knowledge they want.

　　这句话中的instead of 前后实际上是两个具有名词特性的短语，分词短语obtaining splendid grade in exams，和介词短语to perceive the way to search knowledge they want。这两部分之间具有转折关系，用Instead of来体现。 而用来表达单词中的并列和因果关系的连接语就是我们很常见的and还有because of，这个很简单就不举例子。

　　在写作文章中充分合理地加入这种Transitional devices，就可以在很大程度上增加文章的连贯性，比如还是本文开头的那段话，稍加修改之后变成了：

　　Panda bear is a kind of docile⁹ lovely animal in the southwest of China. Because of its cherubic appearance and awkward movement, it also symbolizes¹⁰ the spirit of peace and harmony, which is cherished by Chinese people. However, expansion of human activities to wild areas has caused a sharp decrease in the number of panda bears.

　　通过判断，我们发现修改前的一二两句之间存在因果关系，因此加入because of 将它们连在了一起;而修改前的第三句和前两句之间是一个并列关系，因此加入了also;最后一句话的意思和前面明显出现了转折，通过however来体现这种转折关系。经过修改之后，几句话被有机地结合在了一起，形成了一段篇章而非四个独立的句子。

　　不过，在充分使用各种连接语的同时，也应该注意不同词性连接语的用法，比如连词很自由，and，but，so这些连词的后面可以跟名词或者句子。但是介词(介词短语)后面只能跟名词，比如because of， instead of，in addition to等等;而副词(副词性短语)的后面只能加句子，比如however, in addition, as a result等等。

　　刚才看到的是一些词或短语充当transitions的情况，其实transitions还有另外一种体现方式就是transitional sentences，比如很常见的让步状语从句：

　　Even if traveling with a companion could bring us financial and some other benefits, this type conducts our traveling experience to a mechanical boring event.

　　从这个句子中可以看出由even if引导的让步状语从句，说明了这句话之前的内容论证的是traveling with a companion的好处，而主句则是讲这种方式让我们的旅行成为意见机械无聊的行为，也是后面要论证的一个主题，前后两部分之间显然是转折的逻辑关系。出现在文章之中可以有效地连接上下文，使之变得连贯：

　　I concede that traveling with a companion may have one or more benefits. One ofthe most obvious advantages is saving money. In other words, Traveling in a group would be much cheaper than traveling alone. In my observation, travel agency, the most common group-travel organization in China, reserves a prerogative¹¹ of paying considerably¹² less on tickets fees, traffic costs, and so forth⁵ than individuals. Moreover, individuals have to purchase some necessaries, like tent, when traveling by themselves, but if we go hiking with one or two friends, we could pay for these shared outfits¹³ together. Another advantage of traveling in a group is that we have accompaniers to communicate with. But I believe that this advantage is only desirable for those who often feel lonely and like clatter¹⁴.

　　Even if traveling with a companion could bring us financial and some other benefits, this type conducts our traveling experience to a mechanical boring event.People might not arrange his or her own plan if he or she is traveling in a group, because all group members should be restricted by lots of rules, such as the place where we have to reside, the time when we can play or must gather, etc. For instance, when I followed a travel agency to Hangzhou which is one of the most beautiful cities of China last year, hardly did I finish my visit because of the time restriction¹⁵ ordered by the cicerone. In contrast, if I would have traveled alone, I could manage my journey flexibly. To some extent, losing freedom means losing interest in a team traveling.

　　另外一些其他的句子也有这种作用，例如：After recognizing the advantages of using land for farming, housing and so forth, however, we should also save some land inhabited by endangered species.中文写作中的承上启下的句子就是这个意思，而承上启下这个成语非常精确地表明了transitional sentences的作用。

　　总之，一篇文章是一个完整的有机体，好像一部机器，每个段落，每个句子，每个单词都是机器的一个部件，而Transitions就像是连接这些部件的螺丝，如果缺乏，这个机器就会散落，文章也不能构成篇章，顶多就是一堆句子群而已。连接语虽然不难，但是要将它们合理充分多样地加入文章之中，仍然需要大量练习。

　　以上就是关于GRE作文衔接问题的具体阐述，希望通过对上述新GRE作文解读的研究，可以帮助考生们解决GRE作文逻辑表达的问题，利用一些GRE写作技巧，达到理想的成绩。

1 withholding   

扣缴税款

参考例句：

• She was accused of withholding information from the police. 她被指控对警方知情不报。
• The judge suspected the witness was withholding information. 法官怀疑见证人在隐瞒情况。

2 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

3 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

4 legitimate   

adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法

参考例句：

• Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
• That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。

5 forth   

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

• The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
• He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

6 forthrightness   

正直

参考例句：

• His forthrightness won everyone's approval. 他的率直赢得了大家的好评。

7 motives   

n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• to impeach sb's motives 怀疑某人的动机
• His motives are unclear. 他的用意不明。

8 rendering   

n.表现，描写

参考例句：

• She gave a splendid rendering of Beethoven's piano sonata.她精彩地演奏了贝多芬的钢琴奏鸣曲。
• His narrative is a super rendering of dialect speech and idiom.他的叙述是方言和土语最成功的运用。

9 docile   

adj.驯服的，易控制的，容易教的

参考例句：

• Circus monkeys are trained to be very docile and obedient.马戏团的猴子训练得服服贴贴的。
• He is a docile and well-behaved child.他是个温顺且彬彬有礼的孩子。

10 symbolizes   

v.象征，作为…的象征( symbolize的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The use of light and dark symbolizes good and evil. 用光明与黑暗来象征善与恶。
• She likes olive because It'symbolizes peace. 她喜欢橄榄色因为它象征着和平。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 prerogative   

n.特权

参考例句：

• It is within his prerogative to do so.他是有权这样做的。
• Making such decisions is not the sole prerogative of managers.作这类决定并不是管理者的专有特权。

12 considerably   

adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上

参考例句：

• The economic situation has changed considerably.经济形势已发生了相当大的变化。
• The gap has narrowed considerably.分歧大大缩小了。

13 outfits   

n.全套装备( outfit的名词复数 )；一套服装；集体；组织v.装备，配置设备，供给服装( outfit的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• He jobbed out the contract to a number of small outfits. 他把承包工程分包给许多小单位。 来自辞典例句
• Some cyclists carry repair outfits because they may have a puncture. 有些骑自行车的人带修理工具，因为他们车胎可能小孔。 来自辞典例句

14 clatter   

v./n.(使)发出连续而清脆的撞击声

参考例句：

• The dishes and bowls slid together with a clatter.碟子碗碰得丁丁当当的。
• Don't clatter your knives and forks.别把刀叉碰得咔哒响。

15 restriction   

n.限制，约束

参考例句：

• The park is open to the public without restriction.这个公园对公众开放，没有任何限制。
• The 30 mph speed restriction applies in all built-up areas.每小时限速30英里适用于所有建筑物聚集区。