你熟知这5个词 却不知道它们的历史之久

 　　1. Computer

　　1.计算机

　　Computer goes back over 400 years. Computer referring to the ‘electronic device (or system of devices) which is used to store, manipulate, and communicate information’ isn’t found until the 1940s, but computeras a machine for performing calculations dates to 1869, according to current OED research.

　　Computer这词有400多年的历史，直至二十世纪四十年代，computer才意为用于信息储存、操作和交流的电子设备（或系统设备），但根据牛津英语字典最近做的调查，computeras意指能进行运算的机器可追溯到1869年。

　　2. Email

　　2. 邮件

　　The term for messages sent via the Internet (or a system for sending these messages) comes from the late 1970s; it is the obsolete¹ email meaning ‘enamel’ that is found as far back as 1594, from the (still current) French word émail, ‘enamel’.

　　这个词汇起源于二十世纪七十年代末，指通过网络发送出去的信息（或用来发送这些信息的系统）。而email之前还意为珐琅（enamel），人们发现它的这层含义最远能追溯到1594年，来源于现在仍在使用的法语单词émail（英文单词为enamel）。

　　3. Punk

　　3. 朋克

　　The word punk first entered the mainstream² thanks to the punk rock music scene in the 1970s. Punk had already had a long and varied³ history, though. It is first found in the 16th century, designating a prostitute. After this, it had various different sexual connotations. Later still it was used of a coward, and an amateur, before being reclaimed⁴ and celebrated⁵ by rebellious⁶ 1970s music fans.

　　多亏了二十世纪七十年代的朋克音乐现场，punk一词第一次进入主流视野。然而它在那之前却已经有一段漫长曲折的历史。Punk最早出现于16世纪，意指妓女。在此之后，它曾意指许多不同的性暗示。在二十世纪七十年代的音乐迷抗议着要为punk重新定义、庆祝其新含义前，它仍被用来形容胆小者和业余爱好者。

　　4. Crib

　　4. 婴儿床

　　The earliest sense of crib is a ‘barred receptacle for fodder⁷ used in cowsheds’. More surprisingly, the informal use of crib, chiefly North American, to mean ‘a person’s apartment or house’ has a long heritage. Shakespeare himself used crib to mean ‘a small habitation’ or a confined space, in Henry IV, Part 2: ‘Why rather, sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs, Upon uneasy pallets stretching thee and hushed with buzzing night-flies to thy slumber⁸, than in the perfumed chambers⁹ of the great, under the canopies¹⁰ of costly¹¹ state, And lulled¹² with sounds of sweetest melody?’.

　　Crib最早指牛棚里装饲料的木制容器。而更出人意料的是，crib主要在北美的非正式用法（取公寓或房子之意）由来已久。莎翁自己就在《亨利四世》的第二部分用crib指代小住处/密闭的空间——“为什么睡眠，你宁愿栖身在烟熏的茅屋里，在不舒适的草荐上伸展你的肢体，让嗡嗡作声的蚊虫催着你入梦，却不愿偃息在烟雾氤氲的王侯的深宫之中，在华贵的宝帐之下，让最甜美的乐声把你陶醉？”

　　5. Hobbit

　　5. 霍比特人

　　Earlier than The Hobbit (1937), hobbit (or hobbet) – albeit¹³ with an entirely¹⁴ different etymology¹⁵ – was used to mean ‘a seed-basket’ or a local measure meaning two of something; these uses date as far back as 1863, according to OED research.

　　尽管词源迥异，Hobbit/ hobbet在1937年小说《霍比特人》出版前指种子盆栽或是当地用来指代一些事物中某两个的方法。据牛津英语字典的调查显示，这些用法最早能追溯到1863年。

1 obsolete   

adj.已废弃的，过时的

参考例句：

• These goods are obsolete and will not fetch much on the market.这些货品过时了，在市场上卖不了高价。
• They tried to hammer obsolete ideas into the young people's heads.他们竭力把陈旧思想灌输给青年。

2 mainstream   

n.（思想或行为的）主流；adj.主流的

参考例句：

• Their views lie outside the mainstream of current medical opinion.他们的观点不属于当今医学界观点的主流。
• Polls are still largely reflects the mainstream sentiment.民调还在很大程度上反映了社会主流情绪。

3 varied   

adj.多样的，多变化的

参考例句：

• The forms of art are many and varied.艺术的形式是多种多样的。
• The hotel has a varied programme of nightly entertainment.宾馆有各种晚间娱乐活动。

4 reclaimed   

adj.再生的；翻造的；收复的；回收的v.开拓( reclaim的过去式和过去分词 )；要求收回；从废料中回收（有用的材料）；挽救

参考例句：

• Many sufferers have been reclaimed from a dependence on alcohol. 许多嗜酒成癖的受害者已经被挽救过来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• They reclaimed him from his evil ways. 他们把他从邪恶中挽救出来。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

5 celebrated   

adj.有名的，声誉卓著的

参考例句：

• He was soon one of the most celebrated young painters in England.不久他就成了英格兰最负盛名的年轻画家之一。
• The celebrated violinist was mobbed by the audience.观众团团围住了这位著名的小提琴演奏家。

6 rebellious   

adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的

参考例句：

• They will be in danger if they are rebellious.如果他们造反，他们就要发生危险。
• Her reply was mild enough,but her thoughts were rebellious.她的回答虽然很温和，但她的心里十分反感。

7 fodder   

n.草料；炮灰

参考例句：

• Grass mowed and cured for use as fodder.割下来晒干用作饲料的草。
• Guaranteed salt intake, no matter which normal fodder.不管是那一种正常的草料，保证盐的摄取。

8 slumber   

n.睡眠，沉睡状态

参考例句：

• All the people in the hotels were wrapped in deep slumber.住在各旅馆里的人都已进入梦乡。
• Don't wake him from his slumber because he needs the rest.不要把他从睡眠中唤醒，因为他需要休息。

9 chambers   

n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅

参考例句：

• The body will be removed into one of the cold storage chambers. 尸体将被移到一个冷冻间里。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Mr Chambers's readable book concentrates on the middle passage: the time Ransome spent in Russia. Chambers先生的这本值得一看的书重点在中间：Ransome在俄国的那几年。 来自互联网

10 canopies   

（宝座或床等上面的）华盖( canopy的名词复数 )； （飞行器上的）座舱罩； 任何悬于上空的覆盖物； 森林中天棚似的树荫

参考例句：

• Golf carts with bright canvas canopies wandered the raingreen fairways. 一场雨后显得愈加葱绿的高尔夫球场草地上，散放着一些带有色彩缤纷的帆布华盖的高尔夫小车。
• Rock permitted seven canopies, cornices floors, decorative glass, Ambilight, momentum magnificent, magnificent. 七檐佛殿背倚山岩，楼层飞檐翘角，殿顶琉璃装饰，流光溢彩，气势恢宏，蔚为壮观。

11 costly   

adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的

参考例句：

• It must be very costly to keep up a house like this.维修这么一幢房子一定很昂贵。
• This dictionary is very useful,only it is a bit costly.这本词典很有用，左不过贵了些。

12 lulled   

vt.使镇静，使安静（lull的过去式与过去分词形式）

参考例句：

• They lulled her into a false sense of security. 他们哄骗她，使她产生一种虚假的安全感。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The movement of the train lulled me to sleep. 火车轻微的震动催我进入梦乡。 来自《简明英汉词典》

13 albeit   

conj.即使；纵使；虽然

参考例句：

• Albeit fictional,she seemed to have resolved the problem.虽然是虚构的，但是在她看来好象是解决了问题。
• Albeit he has failed twice,he is not discouraged.虽然失败了两次，但他并没有气馁。

14 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

15 etymology   

n.语源；字源学

参考例句：

• The hippies' etymology is contentious.关于嬉皮士的语源是有争议的。
• The origin of OK became the Holy Grail of etymology.OK的出典成了词源学梦寐以求的圣杯。