语法精讲：动词不定式做宾语补足语

 　动词不定式在句子中可以用作宾语补足语，高中范围内，常用的“动词+宾语+不定式”的句子结构中。不定式作宾语补足语的有以下八种类型：(下列句子中划线部分作宾语补足语)

　　一、许多动词可跟一个宾语 + to do…构成句子，句中的不定式作宾语补足语;否定形式为“动词+宾语+not to do…”。例如：

　　My boss told me to type out two letters.

　　分析：句中“My boss”做主语，“told”作谓语，“me”作宾语，划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。

　　They forbade her to leave the country.

　　Please remind me not to be late for the meeting.

　　高中范围内，适用于“动词+宾语+(not)to do…”的结构，不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，direct，encourage，expect，forbid，force，invite，order，permit，persuade，remind，re- quest，require，teach，tell，want，warn等。

　　二、有些动词可跟“宾语+to be…”构成句子，句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如：

　　I consider him to be the best candidate¹.

　　分析：句中“I”做主语，“consider”作谓语，“him”作宾语，划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。

　　I know him to be a liar².

　　I suppose him to be away from home.

　　高中范围内，适用于“动词+宾语+to be…”的结构，不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：consider，declare，discover，feel，find，suppose等。

　　三、有些动词(感官动词和使动词)后可跟不带to的不定式构成句子，句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如：

　　He saw her enter the room.

　　分析：句中“He”做主语，“saw”作谓语，“her”作宾语，划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。

　　She won't let me do it.

　　I heard her lock the door.

　　We watched the children play games.

　　高中范围内，适用于“动词+宾语+do…”的结构，不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：feel，have，hear，let，make，notice，observe，see，watch等。还有两个词组：listen to，look at.

　　注意:这类句子变为被动结构时，不定式前加to。请看下列句子，句中划线部分作宾语补足语。例如：

　　A child was seen to enter the building.

　　She was often heard to sing this song.

　　四、help后的不定式可加to，也可不加to(美国人不加to时较多)，但被动结构中要加to。例如：

　　I'll help you(to) push the cart.

　　分析：句中“I”做主语，“will help”作谓语，“you”作宾语，划线部分作宾语补足语。

　　上句的被动语态为：You'll be helped to push the cart.

　　五、有些“动词+介词”的结构后也可跟不定式构成句子，句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如：

　　He shouted to me to come over.

　　分析：句中“He”做主语，“shouted”作谓语，“to”为介词，“me”作宾语，划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子，句子的结构为“动词+介词+宾语+to do…”，划线部分为不定式，作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。

　　I depend on you to do it.

　　I am counting on you to help me through.

　　高中范围内，适用于“动词+介词+宾语+to do…”的结构，不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：shout to sb.to do，call on sb. to do，count on sb. to do，depend on sb. to do，wait for sb. to do等。

　　六、作宾语补足语的不定式，表示的动作在谓语所表示情况之前发生，就需要用完成形式：

　　He was known to have worked for the International Olympic Committee.

　　分析：句中“He”做主语，“was known”作谓语，使用了被动语态。由句意可知，“为国际奥委会工作”发生在前，“大家知道”发生在后。故不定式部分用完成形式，在句中作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。

　　They are believed to have discussed the problem.

　　七、作宾语补足语的不定式，表示一个正在进行的动作时需用进行形式：

　　He is believed to be living in Mexico.

　　分析：句中“He”做主语，“isbelieved”作谓语，使用了被动语态。由于句子表达主语现在正在发生的情况，故用不定式的进行形式，句中划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子。

　　Thousands were reported to be working in concentration³ camps.

　　He is thought to be hiding in the woods.

　　间或不定式作宾语补足语也可用于完成进行时。例如：

　　She is said to have been doing this work for twenty years.

　　八、不定式作宾语补足语的被动形式：

　　he didn't want her son to be taken away.

　　分析：句中“She”做主语，“didn't want”作谓语，“her son”作宾语，由于“her son”与“take away”之间为被动关系，故用被动形式，句中划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子。

　　I'd like this room to be redecorated.

　　He didn't wish the subject to be mentioned in the letter.

　　■练习：

　　1.They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.(1988全国)

　　A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow

　　2.The teacher asked us ___ so much noise.(2003北京)

　　A.don't make B.not make C.not making D.not to make

　　3.My advisor⁴ encouraged ___ a summer course to improve my writing skills.(2004北京)

　　A.for me taking B.me taking C.for me to take D.me to take

　　4.The flu is believed ___ by viruses that like to reproduce⁵ in the cells inside the human nose and throat.(2004上海)

　　A.causing B.being caused C.to be caused D.to have caused

　　5.-Is Bob still performing?

　　-I'm afraid not.He is said ___ the stage already as he has become an official.(2005江苏)

　　A.to have left B.to leave C.to have been left D.to be left

　　6.The mother felt herself ___ cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield.(2006上海)

　　A.grow B.grown C.to grow D.to have grown

　　7.Energy drinks are not allowed ___ in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand.(2006上海)

　　A.to make B.to be made C.to have been made D.to be making

　　答案：

　　1.A 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B

1 candidate   

n.候选人；候补者；投考者，申请求职者

参考例句：

• Voters like a candidate who has the common touch. 投票者喜欢那些平易近人的候选人。
• The local newspapers dressed up the candidate as a boxer.当地报纸把那个候选人描绘成一个拳击手。

2 liar   

n.说谎的人

参考例句：

• I know you for a thief and a liar!我算认识你了，一个又偷又骗的家伙！
• She was wrongly labelled a liar.她被错误地扣上说谎者的帽子。

3 concentration   

n.集中；专注；浓度；浓缩

参考例句：

• She wrinkled her brows in concentration.她蹙额皱眉，陷入沉思。
• If smoke is going that way,then it means the concentration here should be decreasing.如果烟雾沿着这个方向飘，这意味着，这里的浓度应该是减少的。

4 advisor   

n.顾问，指导老师，劝告者

参考例句：

• They employed me as an advisor.他们聘请我当顾问。
• The professor is engaged as a technical advisor.这位教授被聘请为技术顾问。

5 reproduce   

v.生育，繁殖，复制，重做

参考例句：

• The machine can reproduce a key in two minutes.这机器能在两分钟内复制一把钥匙。
• The picture will reproduce well.这照片会印得很清楚。