英语句子成分－定语讲解 什么是定语？

 　　句子中，表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语，宾语是动作的承受着。英语中，及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语动词）、介词后须带宾语，少数形容词后也可以带宾语。可以担任宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、动词不定式（短语）、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句（宾语从句）等。

　　（1）、名词

　　I am reading¹ a book. 名词作动词read的宾语。）

　　I’m going² to Beijing with my father. (名词作介词with的宾语。)

　　We couldn’t finish the work without his help. (同上)

　　In the past, many parents couldn’t afford³ education⁴ for their children.

　　（2）、代词

　　Yesterday, Tom’ mother looked after him at home.(代词宾格him作短语动词look after的宾语。)

　　Please look it up in the dictionary⁵. (代词宾格it 作短语动词look up的宾语)

　　I have something to tell you.（不定代词短语作动词have的宾语）

　　What would⁶ you like? (疑问代词作动词like的宾语。)

　　Yesterday my father bought me a new bike. (分别作动词bought的间接宾语和直接宾语)

　　We got⁷ lost and couldn’t find each other. (反身代词)

　　（3）、数词

　　Give me three, please! (数词作直接宾语。)

　　（4）、动词不定式(短语)

　　Ｉlike to play basketball. (作动词的宾语。)

　　Glad to meet you. (作形容词的宾语。)

　　Nice to see you again!（同上）

　　I’m sorry to trouble⁸ you. (同上)

　　I think it impossible⁹ to climb the mountain. (it作形式宾语，动词不定式短语作真正宾语。)

　　I don’t want to there again.

　　I really like/hate to go shopping.

　　（5）、动名词(短语)

　　I enjoy listening to music very much. (作动词的宾语)

　　Nice meeting¹⁰ you here today! (作形容词nice的宾语)

　　（6）、形容词

　　We must help the poor. (作动词的宾语)

　　The new always takes place of the old. (作介词of的宾语)

　　（7）、宾语从句

　　He knows who is right. （作动词的宾语）

　　I want to know what color is her favorite¹¹. (作动词不定式to know 宾语)

　　I’m sure that she’ll come soon.（作形容词sure的宾语）

　　I’m thinking¹² of where I should go during¹³ the vacation¹⁴. (作介词of的宾语)

　　△几个常见加the后可以名词化的形容词是：poor, rich, young, old，happy, blind¹⁵, beautiful等。

　　△宾语从句应特别注意的三要素是：时态、语序、连接词。

　　△少数能跟宾语的形容词有：happy, glad, nice, sure, certain¹⁶, surprised¹⁷, pleased¹⁸, aware¹⁹, afraid, proud²⁰, sorry, worried²¹, ashamed²²等。

　　△直接宾语和间接宾语：

　　英语中，一些及物动词如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以带两个宾语。一个指人，叫间接宾语；一个指物，叫直接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如果放在其后，则间接宾语前一般加介词to，以表示动作对准谁；或加介词for，以表示动作为谁做。例如：

　　He gave²³ me an interesting book.＝He give an interesting book to me.

　　Please bring me some snacks.＝Please bring some snacks to me.

　　Mother told me a story last night.＝Mother told a story to me last night.

　　My uncle often teaches me English songs.

　　＝My uncle often teaches English songs to me.

　　Jim bought me a beautiful present.

　　＝Jim bought a beautiful present for me.

　　如果直接宾语是代词，则必须放在间接宾语之前，并且在二者之间加上介词to或for。例如：

　　Give it to me, Lily²⁴. 不能说 Give me it, Lily.

　　There two pencils on the desk, pass them to me. 不能说 … pass me them.

　　△复合宾语

　　英语中，一些及物动词的宾语须在其后加上一个补足语，对其进一步作补充说明，意思才够完整和明确，该补足语即叫宾语补足语。宾语和其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。能担任宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式和分词（现在分词、过去分词）。例如：

　　We must keep our classroom clean. (形容词，Classroom和clean之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,即：Our classroom is clean.)

　　We call the bird “Polly”.(名词)

　　(the bird和Polly之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，即：The bird is Polly.)

　　Our teacher told us to do Exercise One. (动词不定式短语)

　　(us 的主格we 和to do Exercise One之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，即：We should do Exercise One.)

　　She always thinks others²⁵ above herself²⁶. (介词短语)

　　(Others is always above herself.)

　　I brought²⁷ my dog here. (副词，My dog was²⁸ here.）

　　I saw²⁹ Jack³⁰ playing under a tree. (现在分词短语，Jack was playing under a tree.）

　　In one place I saw children working for a cruel³¹ boss³².

　　常见的可带复合宾语的动词有：call, find, believe³³, think, see, feel, make, keep, hear, name, tell, ask, want, invite³⁴, let, make, have等。因此我们常用到以下短语：ask( tell / want / invite … ) sb. to do sth.;

　　let ( make / have / get … ) sb. do sth.

　　see ( hear / watch / feel … ) sb. do sth.

　　see ( hear / watch / feel … ) sb. doing sth.

　　其中，感官动词（see, hear … ）和使役动词 （ let, make, have … ）后，如果是动词不定式短语作宾语补足语，则习惯上去掉不定式符号 to ；但是，当把这类句子转换成被动语态时，又须将去掉的 to 加上。试比较：

　　My father made³⁵ me stay at home last night.

　　→ I was made to stay at home last night by my father.

　　Tom saw me come back today.

　　→ I was seen³⁶ to come back today by Tom.

1 reading   

n.阅读，知识，读物，表演，对法律条文的解释；adj.阅读的

参考例句：

• Children learn reading and writing at school.孩子们在学校学习阅读和写作。
• He finds pleasure in reading.他从阅读中得到乐趣。

2 going   

n.去，离去，地面(或道路)的状况，工作情况；(复数形式）goings: 行为；adj.进行中的，流行的，现存的

参考例句：

• We're going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去听报告。
• He hates leaving the office and going on holiday.他不愿离开办公室去度假。

3 afford   

vt.提供，负担得起的(后果，损失等)，给予

参考例句：

• At last they could afford a house.他们终于买得起房子了。
• I'll afford you a chance.我将给你提供一个机会。

4 education   

n.教育；培养

参考例句：

• He had a good education.他受过良好的教育。
• We mustn't cut the cost of education.我们不应该削减教育经费。

5 dictionary   

n.词典，字典，辞典

参考例句：

• I have a new dictionary.我有一本新字典。
• This is a very good dictionary.这是一本非常好的词典。

6 would   

aux.will的过去式；愿，要；常常；大概；将要，会

参考例句：

• Why would you say that?为什么你会这么说？
• Would you please help me?你能帮帮我吗？

7 got   

v.(get的过去式)得到，猜到，明白

参考例句：

• I just got some bad news.我刚得到一些坏消息。
• I have got far too much work to do.我要做的事太多了。

8 trouble   

n.苦恼，麻烦；故障；动乱；vt.麻烦 vi.费神

参考例句：

• I hate to trouble you.我真不愿麻烦你。
• The trouble is that he doesn't have enough money.麻烦在于他缺钱。

9 impossible   

adj.不可能的，不容易的，令人无法忍受的

参考例句：

• I mean that it is impossible.我的意思是说那不可能。
• It is kind of fun to do the impossible.去做不可能的事是一种乐趣。

10 meeting   

n.会议；集会

参考例句：

• Will you be at the meeting?你会来开会吗？
• We would like to hold the meeting at an early date.我们希望早日举行这次会议。

11 favorite   

n.特别喜爱的(人)物；adj.特别喜爱的

参考例句：

• Spring and autumn are my favorite seasons.春秋是我喜欢的季节。
• Her most favorite fruit is orange.她最喜欢的水果是桔子。

12 thinking   

n.思考，思想；adj.思考的，有理性的；vbl.想，思考

参考例句：

• All thinking men will protest against it.凡是有思想的人都会抗议这件事。
• Thinking is mainly performed with words and other symbols.思想主要是用言语和其他符号来表达的。

13 during   

prep.在…期间，在…时候

参考例句：

• What did you do with yourself during the summer holidays?暑假你是怎样度过的？
• London is full of visitors during May and June.五六月间伦敦挤满了游客。

14 vacation   

n.假期，休假；vi.度假

参考例句：

• I'll take a vacation this weekend.这个周末我要休假。
• The vacation passed away quickly.假期过得很快。

15 blind   

adj.盲目的，瞎的；n.百叶窗；v.使失明

参考例句：

• He is blind in the left eye.他的左眼是瞎的。
• The blind live in the dark.盲人在黑暗中生活。

16 certain   

adj.一定的；pron.某几个，某些；肯定的，无疑的，必然发生的

参考例句：

• She is certain to come.她一定会来的。
• It's not at all certain whether I'll come tomorrow.我明天还不定来不来呢。

17 surprised   

adj.感到惊讶的，感到惊奇的

参考例句：

• Is that anything to be surprised at?那有什么可怪的？
• The news greatly surprised us.这消息使我们非常惊异。

18 pleased   

adj.高兴的，快乐的，喜欢的，满意的

参考例句：

• She was pleased to hear good news about him.听到他的好消息，她很高兴。
• Whichever day you come,we will be pleased to see you.无论你哪一天来，我们都很高兴。

19 aware   

adj.意识到的，知道的，明白的，发觉的

参考例句：

• At first I wasn't aware that he was ill.开始我没有察觉到他有病。
• He doesn't seem to be aware of the problems.他好像没有意识到这个问题。

20 proud   

adj.感到自豪的；得意的

参考例句：

• He was proud of having such a good friend.他为有这样的好朋友而自豪。
• We are proud of our great motherland.我们为伟大的祖国而自豪。

21 worried   

adj.烦恼的，为难的，焦虑的

参考例句：

• He was worried about the safety of me.他为我的安全担心。
• He worried his father to buy a new car.他苦苦缠着父亲要买一辆新车。

22 ashamed   

adj.感到惭愧，感到害臊，因为羞耻或勉强作某事

参考例句：

• He is ashamed to show his face at the club.他不好意思在俱乐部露脸。
• You ought to be ashamed of your foolish behaviour.你应当为自己的愚蠢行为而感到羞耻。

23 gave   

vbl.（give的过去式）给予，产生，发表

参考例句：

• He asked for money and I gave him some.他要钱，我给了他一些。
• I gave you a map so you wouldn't get lost. 我给你一张地图，这样你就不会迷路了。

24 lily   

n.百合，百合花，睡莲

参考例句：

• She is as fair as lily.她像百合花一样美。
• She destroyed a lily flower.她破坏了一朵百合花.

25 others   

prep.(pl.)另外的人

参考例句：

• Learning from others is important.向别人学习很重要。
• She is always ready to help others.她总是乐于助人。

26 herself   

pron.她自己

参考例句：

• The little girl wrote the letter all by herself. 这小女孩自己写了这封信。
• She should do her homework herself.她应该自己做作业。

27 brought   

vbl.bring的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He brought a new book with him.他带来一本新书。
• I brought you your shirt.我带来了你的衬衣。

28 was   

v.(is,am的过去式)是，在

参考例句：

• He said he was right.他说他是正确的。
• He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿。

29 saw   

vbl.看见(see的过去式)；n.锯；v.用锯子锯

参考例句：

• Would you like to saw a tree for me?你能为我锯棵树吗？
• The moment I saw you,I knew you were angry with me.我一看到你，就知道你在生我的气。

30 jack   

n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克

参考例句：

• I am looking for the headphone jack.我正在找寻头戴式耳机插孔。
• He lifted the car with a jack to change the flat tyre.他用千斤顶把车顶起来换下瘪轮胎。

31 cruel   

adj.残酷的，残忍的；痛苦的，引起痛苦的

参考例句：

• Tigers are cruel by nature.老虎生性残忍。
• The cruel man abandoned his wife and child.那个狠心的男人舍弃了妻小。

32 boss   

n.老板，上司；v.指挥，控制

参考例句：

• When the boss gets mad, leave him alone.当老板生气时，不要理他。
• I'm my own boss.我自己当自己的老板。

33 believe   

v.相信；认为

参考例句：

• Believe it or not,that's the way it is.信不信由你，反正事情就是这样。
• I believe what you say.我相信你的话。

34 invite   

vt.邀请，引起，招致；n.邀请

参考例句：

• We'd better not invite him.我们最好不要邀请他。
• They invite us to have dinner.我们邀请他们去电影院。

35 made   

v.make的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• They were not made in china.它们不是中国制造的。
• The monkey made a long arm for the peach.猴子伸臂去摘桃子。

36 seen   

vbl.(see的过去分词)看见

参考例句：

• Since I left college, I have not seen him.自从我离开大学以后，就没有见过他了。
• I hope to have seen the film next week.我希望下星期能看到这部电影。