英语中五个语法误区都有哪些

 　　我们在练习英语的口语、翻译和写作时常常会遇到一些不确定的语法结构，这些误区会误导我们的英语学习，今天小编就为大家普及一下英语语法中的五大误区。

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　　1. You can’t end a sentence with a preposition 不能以介词结尾

　　一般情况因该避免以介词结尾。但以下四种情况用介词结尾却更自然。

　　被动结构：passive structures

　　(she enjoys being fussed over.她喜欢被簇拥的感觉)

　　条件从句：relative clauses

　　(they must be convinced of the commitment that they are taking on.你必须相信他们的承诺)

　　不定式结构infinitive¹ structures

　　(Tom had no-one to play with.没有人可以和汤姆一起玩)

　　Who、where、what打头的问句：questions beginning with who, where, what, etc.

　　(what music are you interested in?你喜欢什么样的音乐？)

　　2. You can’t start a sentence with a conjunction 不能以连词开头

　　Conjunctions are words such as and, but, so, and if, which are used to connect clauses, sentences, or words. This grammatical superstition² arises from the thought that because these words are used to connect separate clauses.The argument against using and or but to introduce a sentence is that such a sentence expresses an incomplete thought (or ‘fragment’) and is therefore incorrect. However, this is a stylistic preference rather than a grammatical rule.

　　连词包括and、but、so、if等词语，用于连接从句、句子或单词。有一种说法认为这些词是用来连接单独的从句，他们建议使用时的片段出现在一个句子的开始。他们认为使用and或者but来引出句子这个句子的含义是不完整的，因此是不正确的。然而,这是一个风格的偏好，而不是语法规则。

　　3. Double negatives are always ungrammatical 双重否定不符合语法规则

　　When two negatives are used to communicate a negative, then the usage is ungrammatical. The reason for this is that two negatives actually cancel each other out and create an affirmative statement. For example, the sentence ‘I don’t have nothing for you’is ungrammatical because the presence of two negatives technically³ switches the meaning to an affirmative one, so that it means ‘I have something for you.’

　　当两个否定词汇一同使用时，在语法上是不能表达否定的。原因是两个否定实际上互相抵消，表达肯定的含义。例如，这句话“I don’t have nothing for you”不符合语法，因为两个否定词汇表达肯定的含义，这意味着“我有东西给你。”

　　Even though the use of double negatives in formal speech and writing is nonstandard, the use of double negatives is common in areas such as informal speech and popular music.

　　即使在正式演讲和写作中使用双重否定是不标准的，在非正式的演讲和流行音乐等领域双重否定的使用是很常见的。

　　However, there is one use of double negatives that is entirely⁴ grammatical. In this use, the double negative is used to express and reinforce an affirmative.

　　然而，有一个双重否定的使用是完全符合语法的。在使用双重否定表达肯定时。

　　I couldn’t not help him. [meaning: I strongly felt I should help him]

　　我会帮助他。

　　4. Splitting infinitives⁵ is a mistake 不定式不能分隔使用

　　For the uninitiated, splitting infinitives is the practice of placing an adverb between ‘to’and the corresponding verb, as in ‘to lightly tap.’Splitting infinitives is a common peeve⁶ of grammar enthusiasts⁷, but like many such peeves⁸ it has been employed by well-regarded English prose stylists for centuries. However, take care before splitting those infinitives; many style guides and professors would still consider this a stylistic error.

　　在一般人眼中，分裂不定式是在不定式和动词之间放置一个副词，如“to lightly tap轻拍”。分裂不定式是常见的令语法爱好者苦恼的问题。但是有很多著名的英文散文家喜欢使用分裂不定式的写作方式。然而，应当小心使用分裂不定式，仍然有很多专家认为这是文体错误。

　　例如：

　　She used to secretly admire him.

　　她曾经偷偷欣赏他。

　　You have to really watch him.

　　你必须真的看着他。

　　Those who believe that split infinitives are grammatically incorrect would rewrite these sentences as:

　　认为分裂不定式不符合语法规范的人会主张这样改写上面的句子：

　　She used secretly to admire him.

　　她曾经偷偷欣赏他。

　　You really have to watch him.

　　你必须真的看着他。

　　5. You can’t start a sentence with hopefully  hopefully不能作为句子开头

　　This use of hopefully to mean ‘it is hoped’rather than the adverbial ‘in a hopeful manner’has been disputed in the past several years, though it has found its way into general acceptance.

　　hopefully这个词的意思是“有希望地”，而不是状语“以一种充满希望的方式”。在过去的几年里，这种用法虽然已经被普遍接受但一直有争议的。

　　Hopefully and thankfully can’t be reworded along the lines of other sentence adverbs, using the constructions ‘it is hopeful that’or ‘it is thankful that’:

　　Hopefully 和thankfully和其他句子副词不同，可以使用‘it is hopeful that’ 或者‘it is thankful that’的结构

　　Hopefully, planning delays will be minimal⁹.

　　希望比赛尽可能不被推迟。

　　It is hopeful that planning delays will be minimal.

　　希望比赛尽可能不被推迟。

　　也可以这样改写：

　　It is to be hoped that planning delays will be minimal.

　　希望比赛尽可能不被推迟。

1 infinitive   

n.不定词；adj.不定词的

参考例句：

• The use of the split infinitive is now generally acceptable.分裂不定式的用法现在已被广泛接受。
• Modal verbs generally take the bare infinitive.情态动词通常用不带to的不定式。

2 superstition   

n.迷信，迷信行为

参考例句：

• It's a common superstition that black cats are unlucky.认为黑猫不吉祥是一种很普遍的迷信。
• Superstition results from ignorance.迷信产生于无知。

3 technically   

adv.专门地，技术上地

参考例句：

• Technically it is the most advanced equipment ever.从技术上说，这是最先进的设备。
• The tomato is technically a fruit,although it is eaten as a vegetable.严格地说，西红柿是一种水果，尽管它是当作蔬菜吃的。

4 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

5 infinitives   

n.（动词）不定式( infinitive的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Her litmus test for good breeding is whether you split infinitives. 她测试别人是否具有良好教养的标准是看对方是否在不定式的动词前加修饰副词。 来自互联网
• Nouns, adjectives and infinitives can be used as objective complements. 名词，形容词及不定式可用作补语。 来自互联网

6 peeve   

v.气恼，怨恨；n.麻烦的事物，怨恨

参考例句：

• She was in a peeve over it.她对这很气恼。
• She was very peeved about being left out.她为被遗漏而恼怒。

7 enthusiasts   

n.热心人，热衷者( enthusiast的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• A group of enthusiasts have undertaken the reconstruction of a steam locomotive. 一群火车迷已担负起重造蒸汽机车的任务。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Now a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored. 一群热心人计划修复这架飞机。 来自新概念英语第二册

8 peeves   

n.麻烦的事物，怨恨，触怒( peeve的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• It peeves me to be ordered out of my own house. 命令我从自己的家中出去，真太气人了。 来自辞典例句
• Write down two of your pet peeves about home or any other situation. 写下两个你厌烦的家务事或其他的情况。 来自超越目标英语 第3册

9 minimal   

adj.尽可能少的，最小的

参考例句：

• They referred to this kind of art as minimal art.他们把这种艺术叫微型艺术。
• I stayed with friends, so my expenses were minimal.我住在朋友家，所以我的花费很小。