2019年经济学人 词汇意义的变化(2)

 

Ms Manne distinguishes between sexist beliefs and systemic prejudice. For instance, the idea that women have certain innate¹ characteristics (being loving and nurturing², say) and natural roles that derive³ from them (wife, mother) is sexist. It is when women fail to behave as they “should” that her version of misogyny comes into play—when men punish them for being too sexually active (or not enough), for neglecting their domestic responsibilities or for claiming “male” roles such as leadership. Her misogyny is the enforcement structure of sexism.

曼恩女士区分了性别歧视观念和系统性偏见。例如，认为女性有某些天生的特征(比如爱和养育)以及由此而来的自然角色(妻子、母亲)是性别歧视的观点。当女性表现得不像所谓的女性应该表现的那样时，她的厌女症就会发挥作用了：当男性惩罚女性，因为女性在性方面过于活跃（或不够活跃），或因为女性忽视了家庭责任，或因为女性声称自己是“男性”角色，比如领导。厌女症是性别歧视的执行结构。

In her recent book “Down Girl”, Ms Manne argues for an “ameliorative” approach to concepts (one she draws from another philosopher, Sally Haslanger), whereby they are made fit for philosophical⁴ scrutiny⁵. The vindictive⁶ psychology⁷ of some men is beyond such analysis, but the expectations widely imposed on women, and how non-conformists are treated, can be probed, and maybe even changed.

曼恩女士在其新书《失意女孩》中，主张用一种“改进的”方法来处理概念(她从另一位哲学家萨利·哈斯兰格那里借鉴了这一方法)，使其适合于哲学研究。一些男性的报复心理超出了这种分析的范围，但我们可以探究女性普遍承受的期望，以及如何对待不墨守成规的人，可以探究甚至可能改变这种期望。

What words mean is generally determined⁸ another way: most linguists⁹ believe that they simply mean what people use them to mean. As virtually all modern lexicographers acknowledge, dictionaries are there to register actual usage, not to tell the mass of people that they are deploying¹⁰ a word incorrectly. If philosophers or activists¹¹ want dictionaries to include a new meaning, they have to get people to use the word that way.

单词的意思通常由另一种方式决定:大多数语言学家认为，单词的意思只是人们用它们来表达的意思。几乎所有现代词典编纂者都承认，词典的存在是为了记录实际用法，而不是告诉大众他们错误地使用了某个词。如果哲学家或积极分子想让词典囊括一个词新的意思，他们必须让人们这样使用这个词。

1 innate   

adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的

参考例句：

• You obviously have an innate talent for music.你显然有天生的音乐才能。
• Correct ideas are not innate in the mind.人的正确思想不是自己头脑中固有的。

2 nurturing   

养育( nurture的现在分词 )； 培育； 滋长； 助长

参考例句：

• These delicate plants need careful nurturing. 这些幼嫩的植物需要精心培育。
• The modern conservatory is not an environment for nurturing plants. 这个现代化温室的环境不适合培育植物。

3 derive   

v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自

参考例句：

• We derive our sustenance from the land.我们从土地获取食物。
• We shall derive much benefit from reading good novels.我们将从优秀小说中获得很大好处。

4 philosophical   

adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的

参考例句：

• The teacher couldn't answer the philosophical problem.老师不能解答这个哲学问题。
• She is very philosophical about her bad luck.她对自己的不幸看得很开。

5 scrutiny   

n.详细检查，仔细观察

参考例句：

• His work looks all right,but it will not bear scrutiny.他的工作似乎很好，但是经不起仔细检查。
• Few wives in their forties can weather such a scrutiny.很少年过四十的妻子经得起这么仔细的观察。

6 vindictive   

adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的

参考例句：

• I have no vindictive feelings about it.我对此没有恶意。
• The vindictive little girl tore up her sister's papers.那个充满报复心的小女孩撕破了她姐姐的作业。

7 psychology   

n.心理，心理学，心理状态

参考例句：

• She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
• He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。

8 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

9 linguists   

n.通晓数国语言的人( linguist的名词复数 )；语言学家

参考例句：

• The linguists went to study tribal languages in the field. 语言学家们去实地研究部落语言了。 来自辞典例句
• The linguists' main interest has been to analyze and describe languages. 语言学家的主要兴趣一直在于分析并描述语言。 来自辞典例句

10 deploying   

（尤指军事行动）使展开( deploy的现在分词 )； 施展； 部署； 有效地利用

参考例句：

• Provides support for developing and deploying distributed, component-based applications. 为开发和部署基于组件的分布式应用程序提供支持。
• Advertisement, publishing, repair, and install-on-demand are all available when deploying your application. 在部署应用程序时提供公布、发布、修复和即需即装功能。

11 activists   

n.（政治活动的）积极分子，活动家( activist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
• Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》