TED演讲:碳水化合物是怎么作用于你的健康的(2)

 　　Consider starch¹ and fiber², both polysaccharides, both derived³ from plants,  拿淀粉和纤维来说，它们都是多糖，都是从植物中获得的，

　　both composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined together,  也都由成百上千个单糖连接而成，

　　but they're joined together differently, and that changes the effect they have on your body. 但是它们的连接方式不同，这就改变了它们对你身体的影响。

　　In starches⁴, which plants mostly store for energy in roots and seeds,  淀粉，是植物通常在根或者种子中存储能量的形式，

　　glucose⁵ molecules⁶ are joined together by alpha linkages,  葡萄糖分子是α键连接在一起的，

　　most of which can be easily cleaved⁷ by enzymes⁸ in your digestive tract⁹. 大部分这种键可以很容易被你消化道中的酶断开。

　　But in fiber, the bonds between monosaccharide molecules are beta bonds, which your body can't break down. 但是在纤维中，单糖分子之间的键是β键，你的身体不能分解它。

　　Fiber can also trap some starches, preventing them from being cleaved, resulting in something called resistant¹⁰ starch. 纤维也可以捕捉到一些淀粉，避免其被分解，生成一些被称为抗性淀粉的东西。

　　So foods high in starch, like crackers¹¹ and white bread, are digested easily,  因此淀粉含量高的食物，比如薄脆饼干和白面包，就很容易消化，

　　quickly releasing a whole bunch of glucose into your blood,  快速地释放大量葡萄糖到你的血液里，

　　exactly what would happen if you drank something high in glucose, like soda¹². 就好比你喝了一些葡萄糖含量高的饮料，比如苏打水。

　　These foods have a high glycemic index, the amount that a particular food raises the sugar level in your blood. 这些食物都有很高的血糖指数，也就是某一种食物升高血糖含量的数值。

　　Soda and white bread have a similar glycemic index because they have a similar effect on your blood sugar. 苏打水和白面包有相似的血糖指数，因为它们对你的血糖含量有相似的影响。

　　But when you eat foods high in fiber, like vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, 但是当你吃富含纤维的食物，比如蔬菜、水果，还有全麦时，

　　those indigestible beta bonds slow the release of glucose into the blood. 那些难消化的β键会减慢葡萄糖释放到血液中的过程。

　　Those foods have a lower glycemic index, and foods like eggs, cheese, and meats have the lowest glycemic index. 那些食物的血糖指数就低一些，像鸡蛋、奶酪还有肉这些食物的血糖指数就是最低的。

　　When sugar moves from the digestive tract to the blood stream, 当糖从消化道进入到血管中时，

　　your body kicks into action to transfer it into your tissues where it can be processed and used for energy. 你的身体就会开始将糖转运到身体组织中，在这里糖会被处理生成能量。

　　Insulin, a hormone¹³ synthesized in the pancreas, is one of the body's main tools for sugar management. 胰岛素，一种在胰腺中合成的荷尔蒙，是身体中一种主要的血糖管理工具。

1 starch   

n.淀粉；vt.给...上浆

参考例句：

• Corn starch is used as a thickener in stews.玉米淀粉在炖煮菜肴中被用作增稠剂。
• I think there's too much starch in their diet.我看是他们的饮食里淀粉太多了。

2 fiber   

n.纤维，纤维质

参考例句：

• The basic structural unit of yarn is the fiber.纤维是纱的基本结构单元。
• The material must be free of fiber clumps.这种材料必须无纤维块。

3 derived   

vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取

参考例句：

• Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 starches   

n.淀粉( starch的名词复数 )；含淀粉的食物；浆粉v.把（衣服、床单等）浆一浆( starch的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• You should avoid sugars and starches. 你应避免吃糖和含淀粉的食物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Cotton and rayon yarns are most often sized with water-insoluble starches. 棉和人造丝纱多用不溶于水的淀粉上浆。 来自互联网

5 glucose   

n.葡萄糖

参考例句：

• I gave him an extra dose of glucose to pep him up.我给他多注射了一剂葡萄糖以增强他的活力。
• The doctor injected glucose into his patient's veins.医生将葡萄糖注入病人的静脉。

6 molecules   

分子( molecule的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
• Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。

7 cleaved   

v.劈开，剁开，割开( cleave的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• His spade cleaved the firm sand with a satisfying crunch. 他的锹凿开了坚实的砂土，发出令人舒心的嘎扎声。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Eagles cleaved the sky. 鹰击长空。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

8 enzymes   

n. 酶，酵素

参考例句：

• It was said that washing powders containing enzymes remove stains more efficiently. 据说加酶洗衣粉除污更有效。
• Among the enzymes which are particularly effective are pepsin, papain. 在酶当中特别有效的是胃朊酶、木瓜酶。

9 tract   

n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林)

参考例句：

• He owns a large tract of forest.他拥有一大片森林。
• He wrote a tract on this subject.他曾对此写了一篇短文。

10 resistant   

adj.(to)抵抗的，有抵抗力的

参考例句：

• Many pests are resistant to the insecticide.许多害虫对这种杀虫剂有抵抗力。
• They imposed their government by force on the resistant population.他们以武力把自己的统治强加在持反抗态度的人民头上。

11 crackers   

adj.精神错乱的，癫狂的n.爆竹( cracker的名词复数 )；薄脆饼干；（认为）十分愉快的事；迷人的姑娘

参考例句：

• That noise is driving me crackers. 那噪声闹得我简直要疯了。
• We served some crackers and cheese as an appetiser. 我们上了些饼干和奶酪作为开胃品。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 soda   

n.苏打水；汽水

参考例句：

• She doesn't enjoy drinking chocolate soda.她不喜欢喝巧克力汽水。
• I will freshen your drink with more soda and ice cubes.我给你的饮料重加一些苏打水和冰块。

13 hormone   

n.荷尔蒙，激素，内分泌

参考例句：

• Hormone implants are used as growth boosters.激素植入物被用作生长辅助剂。
• This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body.这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。