经济学人:俄罗斯的隐形朋友 为何欧洲民粹派与激进派皆欣赏普京

 　　Charlemagne

　　查理曼

　　Russia's friends in black

　　俄罗斯的隐形朋友

　　Why Europe's populists and radicals¹ admire Vladimir Putin

　　为何欧洲民粹派与激进派皆欣赏普京

　　IF EUROPE'S far-right parties do as well as many expect in May's European election, no world leader will be happier than Vladimir Putin. For a man who claims to be defending Russian-speakers in Ukraine against fascists² and Nazis³, the Russian president has some curious bedfellows on the fringes of European politics, ranging from the creepy uniformed followers⁴ of Jobbik in Hungary to the more scrubbed-up National Front in France.

　　倘若在不久的五月欧洲大选上，欧洲右翼党派的表现能如很多人所期望的那样，那么普京应该是最为此而开心的领导人。俄总统曾表示自己会支持护卫在乌克兰对峙法西斯和纳粹的俄国民众，他也由此获得几位处于欧洲政治边缘的特殊盟友，包括“为了更好的匈牙利运动”（Jobbik）的团结一致的追随者，和更透明的法国民族阵线。

　　俄罗斯的隐形朋友.jpg

　　There was a time when Russia's friends were principally on the left. There are still some pro-Moscow communists, for instance in Greece. But these days the Kremlin's chums are most visible on the populist right. The crisis in Ukraine has brought out their pro-Russian sympathies, most overtly⁵ when a motley group of radicals was invited to vouch⁶ for Crimea's referendum on rejoining Russia. The “observers” included members of the National Front, Jobbik, the Vlaams Belang in Belgium, Austria's Freedom Party (FPO) and Italy's Northern League, as well as leftists from Greece and Germany and an assortment⁷ of eccentrics. They declared that the ballot⁸, denounced by most Western governments as illegitimate, had been exemplary.

　　曾一度，俄罗斯的盟友主要为左翼分子。现在部分地区仍有亲俄共产主义者，希腊就是其一。而如今克里姆林宫的密友多属于民粹派。乌克兰危机激起他们的亲俄情绪，且当一大帮混杂的激进分子受邀担保有关克里米亚重返俄罗斯的公投一事时，这种亲俄情绪达到高潮。这些所谓的“观察家”有来自法国民族阵线、“为了更好的匈牙利运动”、比利时弗拉芒利益党、奥地利自由党和意大利北党的，还有希腊与德国的左翼分子及一伙各式各样的奇葩。他们宣言，被多数西方政府谴责为非法的选举早已为典范。

　　So what does Europe's far right see in Mr Putin? As nationalists of various stripes, their sympathies might have lain with their Ukrainian fellows fighting to escape Russian influence. In fact, argues Peter Kreko of Political Capital, a Hungarian think-tank, beyond favourable⁹ treatment in Russian-sponsored media, many are attracted by Mr Putin's muscular assertion of national interests, his emphasis on Christian¹⁰ tradition, his opposition¹¹ to homosexuality and the way he has brought vital economic sectors¹² under state control. For some, pan-Slavic ideas in eastern Europe play a role. A common thread is that many on the far right share Mr Putin's hatred¹³ for an order dominated by America and the European Union. For Mr Putin, support from the far right offers a second channel for influence in Europe.

　　那么，欧洲极右派究竟从普京身上看出了什么？作为各国的民族主义者，他们对俄的怜悯之心或许是因乌克兰伙伴努力挣脱俄罗斯影响而起。实际上，匈牙利诸葛亮——政治资本研究所的研究主任彼得·科瑞克(Peter Kreko)发表说，多数人支持俄罗斯，不止因为受到俄罗斯媒体友好相待，还因为受到普京的鼓舞，他信誓旦旦地表态一切以国家利益为重，强调发扬基督传统美德，反对同性恋，且成功实现国家对重要经济行业的有效控制。对另外一些人而言，东欧的泛斯拉夫主义也起到一定促进作用。当然有一重要连线就是许多人和普京一样憎恶当下由美国和欧盟掌控的格局。对普京而言，有了极右翼分子的支持，俄罗斯又多了一种影响欧洲的新途径。

　　The flirtation¹⁴ with Russia first became apparent in eastern Europe some years ago, despite memories of Soviet¹⁵ occupation. Jobbik, which took 20% of the vote in Hungary's recent election, denounced Russian riots in Estonia after the removal of a Soviet war memorial in 2007. But a year later it backed Russia's military intervention¹⁶ in Georgia. Far-right parties in Bulgaria and Slovakia also supported Russia. Since then, Russian influence has become apparent in western Europe, too. Marine¹⁷ Le Pen, leader of the National Front, has been given red-carpet treatment in Moscow and even visited Crimea last year. At December's congress of Italy's Northern League, pro-Putin officials were applauded when they spoke¹⁸ of sharing “common Christian European values”. Among those attending were three nascent¹⁹ allies: Geert Wilders of the Netherlands' Party for Freedom, Heinz-Christian Strache of the FPO, and Ludovic de Danne, Ms Le Pen's European adviser²⁰.

　　最先和俄罗斯套近乎的是东欧地区，发生于数年前，尽管它有过被苏维埃侵占的历史。不久前的匈牙利选举大会上，选民占20%的“为了更好的匈牙利运动”曾在07年当全国已然忘却苏维埃对其的侵占史后，公开谴责俄罗斯在乔治亚州发动的暴乱。然而，一年过后，格鲁吉亚转而赞同俄军事干涉乔治利亚。保加利亚和的极右党同样也支持俄罗斯。从此，俄在西欧的影响力也已显露无疑。 法国民族阵线领袖马琳·勒庞（Marine Le Pen）去年已在莫斯科受到红毯待遇，甚至还访问了克米利亚。12月，意大利的北方联盟国会上，当亲普京官员发言共同拥护欧洲基督教价值观时，博得阵阵掌声。当时的参会人员为三大新生盟友：荷兰右翼自由党领袖威尔德(Geert Wilders)、奥地利自由党领袖海因茨.斯特拉赫(Heinz-Christian Strache)和马琳·勒庞的欧洲顾问Ludovic de Danne（没查到译名）。

　　For Mr de Danne the parties share an aversion to the euro and, more widely, to the EU's federalist dream. They oppose globalisation and favour protectionism. They seek a “Europe of homelands”, stretching from Lisbon to Vladivostok. As for Ukraine, he calls the revolution in Kiev “illegitimate” and says the referendum in Crimea was justified²¹ by the pro-Russian sentiment of the Crimean population. By attaching themselves to the EU and America, Ukraine's new rulers expose their country to IMF oppression and the pillage²² of its natural resources. Such dalliance with Mr Putin may create trouble for Mr Wilders, who sees the EU as a monster but is a strong supporter of gay rights. According to Mr de Danne, the Eurosceptic alliance has agreed to co-ordinate only on internal EU matters, not international affairs.

　　在（Mr de Danne）看来，这些党派均憎恶欧元，或说得更广些，均不认同欧盟未来的联邦蓝图。他们反对全球主义，支持保护主义。他们在寻找“欧洲家园”，该版图横跨里斯本至符拉迪沃斯托克（俄罗斯一城市）。至于乌克兰，他称的基辅革命（乌克兰共和国首都）是非法的，克里米亚的公投因本国的亲俄情感是合理公正的。乌克兰新任领导人亲附欧盟与美国，实质上是置本国于国际货币基金组织压迫之下，置国内自然资源于遭掠夺境地。如此与普京拉近关系，之后或许会给那位视欧盟为禽兽却大赞同性恋关系威尔德（Mr Wilders）带来诸多麻烦。据（Mr de Danne）透露，反欧联盟已达成协议，仅就欧盟内部事务展开合作，国际事务不在合作范围之内。

　　A degree of admiration²³ for Mr Putin also stretches to Britain's UK Independence Party (UKIP). It sees Ms Le Pen and Mr Wilders as too tainted²⁴ by racism²⁵ and is parting ways with the Northern League. But UKIP's leader, Nigel Farage, while insisting he dislikes Mr Putin's methods, thinks the Russian leader has skilfully²⁶ wrong-footed America and Europe. The EU, he declared in a televised debate, “has blood on its hands” for raising Ukraine's hopes of EU membership and provoking Mr Putin. Mr Farage's critique is perhaps a way of attacking the EU's enlargement policy, which is now linked by many to immigration. Yet it is also an implicit²⁷ admission that the club remains²⁸ attractive to those outside it.

　　追捧普京热潮已袭至英国独立党(UKIP)。它认为马琳·勒庞 and 威尔德已被民族主义冲昏头脑，正和北方联盟分道扬镳。英国独立党领袖奈杰尔·法拉奇(Nigel Farage)尽管不认同普京的处事方法，但仍觉得这位俄罗斯总统巧妙地将美国和欧盟打得措手不及。一次，他在电视辩论上曾批判欧盟“双手沾满血腥味儿”，因为是它挑起俄米争端进而引发战争，是它鼓吹乌克兰心生独立入欧的想法并迫害普京。奈杰尔·法拉奇如此批判欧盟，或许意在攻击欧盟的扩张策略，这种策略现多和移民相关联。然而，无可否认的是，正如城外人总是想往城内挤，许多非欧盟成员仍是热切希望加入该组织。

　　Hello, Comrade

　　你好，战友

　　Mr Putin is too clever to rely only on Europe's insurgent²⁹ parties, successful as some may be. So as well as cultivating anti-establishment groups, he has worked to entice³⁰ national elites³¹. While Jobbik advocates closer economic relations with the east, Hungary's Prime Minister, Viktor Orban, is already doing it. A veteran of the struggle against communism, embodying³² the catchphrase “Goodbye, Comrade”, Mr Orban recently signed a deal with Russia to expand a nuclear-power plant, financed by a 10 billion ($14 billion) Russian loan. He has sought to weaken European sanctions against Russia. In Italy the Northern League's leader, Matteo Salvini, may shout “viva the referendum in Crimea”, but Matteo Renzi, the centre-left prime minister, has also been assiduous in resisting tough sanctions.

　　虽然单靠欧洲那些叛党，普京或许就能实现自己的目标，但他非常精明，在这过程中还动用了其它力量。一方面鼓吹建立反欧盟组织，另一方面还诱使国家精英为其所用。尽管还在提议加强与东欧的经济联系，匈牙利总理维克多·奥班（Viktor Orban）早已将其付诸实践。维克多·奥班驰骋打倒共产主义战场多年，充分阐述了“再见，战友”这一短语。近期，他与俄签署了扩建核发电站的协议，将得到俄100亿英镑（140亿美元）的经济援助。他竭力削减欧盟对俄罗斯的国际制裁。意大利北方联盟领袖马特奥·萨利维尼(Matteo Salvini)也许会呼喊“克米利亚公投万岁”，但中左翼总理马特奥·兰奇(Matteo Renzi)也在奋力抵制严格的国际制裁。

　　Anti-EU parties will no doubt become stronger and noisier, but they lack the numbers and the cohesion³³ fundamentally to change EU business in the European Parliament. Their effect will be more subtle. They may force mainstream³⁴ parties in the parliament into more backroom deals, deepening the EU's democratic deficit³⁵. Their agitation³⁶ is more likely to influence national politics and to push governments into more Eurosceptic positions. And they will provide an echo chamber³⁷ for Mr Putin, making it harder still for the Europeans to come up with a firm and united response to Mr Putin's military challenge to the post-war order in Europe. There is more at stake in May than a protest vote.

　　反欧各党必然会逐日强大，反对声音也会日渐加大，但他们的盟友太少，且眼下缺少彻底改变欧盟大事在欧洲议会地位的凝聚力。但，他们也将产生更微妙的影响力。他们或许能够迫使议会主要党派进行黑箱操作，加重欧盟民主危机。而且，他们这种不满情绪很可能会波及各国政治，诱导各政府开始反欧。与此同时，他们还会提供普京“回音室”，这样使得欧洲更难坚定一致地对抗普京敢于改变欧洲格局的军事行动。五月，不仅仅只是抗议投票遭遇重重危机。

　　1.as well as 既…又…； 除…之外

　　例句:He was suffering from shock as well as the after-effects of drugs.

　　他在受着毒品毒副作用影响的同时还出现了休克。

　　2.for instance 例如；比如；举例说

　　例句:Ethiopia, for instance uses the equivalent of just twenty kilos of oil per head a year.

　　比如说，埃塞俄比亚每年的人均消费支出仅相当于20公斤的石油。

　　3.in fact 实际上，其实

　　例句:You have to admit that you are,in fact, in difficulties.

　　你不得不承认，你事实上是陷入了困境。

　　4.according to 根据；按照；依照

　　例句:He advocates streaming children, and educating them according to their needs.

　　他提倡把学生按能力分班，因需施教。

1 radicals   

n.激进分子( radical的名词复数 )；根基；基本原理；[数学]根数

参考例句：

• Some militant leaders want to merge with white radicals. 一些好斗的领导人要和白人中的激进派联合。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The worry is that the radicals will grow more intransigent. 现在人们担忧激进分子会变得更加不妥协。 来自辞典例句

2 fascists   

n.法西斯主义的支持者( fascist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The old man was seized with burning hatred for the fascists. 老人对法西斯主义者充满了仇恨。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Zoya heroically bore the torture that the Fascists inflicted upon her. 卓娅英勇地承受法西斯匪徒加在她身上的酷刑。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 Nazis   

n.（德国的）纳粹党员( Nazi的名词复数 )；纳粹主义

参考例句：

• The Nazis worked them over with gun butts. 纳粹分子用枪托毒打他们。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Nazis were responsible for the mass murder of Jews during World War Ⅱ. 纳粹必须为第二次世界大战中对犹太人的大屠杀负责。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 followers   

追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件

参考例句：

• the followers of Mahatma Gandhi 圣雄甘地的拥护者
• The reformer soon gathered a band of followers round him. 改革者很快就获得一群追随者支持他。

5 overtly   

ad.公开地

参考例句：

• There were some overtly erotic scenes in the film. 影片中有一些公开色情场面。
• Nietzsche rejected God's law and wrote some overtly blasphemous things. 尼采拒绝上帝的律法，并且写了一些渎神的作品。

6 vouch   

v.担保；断定；n.被担保者

参考例句：

• They asked whether I was prepared to vouch for him.他们问我是否愿意为他作担保。
• I can vouch for the fact that he is a good worker.我保证他是好员工。

7 assortment   

n.分类，各色俱备之物，聚集

参考例句：

• This shop has a good assortment of goods to choose from.该店各色货物俱全，任君选择。
• She was wearing an odd assortment of clothes.她穿着奇装异服。

8 ballot   

n.（不记名）投票，投票总数，投票权；vi.投票

参考例句：

• The members have demanded a ballot.会员们要求投票表决。
• The union said they will ballot members on whether to strike.工会称他们将要求会员投票表决是否罢工。

9 favourable   

adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的

参考例句：

• The company will lend you money on very favourable terms.这家公司将以非常优惠的条件借钱给你。
• We found that most people are favourable to the idea.我们发现大多数人同意这个意见。

10 Christian   

adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒

参考例句：

• They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
• His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。

11 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

12 sectors   

n.部门( sector的名词复数 )；领域；防御地区；扇形

参考例句：

• Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war. 战后柏林分成了4 个区。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Industry and agriculture are the two important sectors of the national economy. 工业和农业是国民经济的两个重要部门。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

13 hatred   

n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨

参考例句：

• He looked at me with hatred in his eyes.他以憎恨的眼光望着我。
• The old man was seized with burning hatred for the fascists.老人对法西斯主义者充满了仇恨。

14 flirtation   

n.调情，调戏，挑逗

参考例句：

• a brief and unsuccessful flirtation with the property market 对房地产市场一时兴起、并不成功的介入
• At recess Tom continued his flirtation with Amy with jubilant self-satisfaction. 课间休息的时候，汤姆继续和艾美逗乐，一副得意洋洋、心满意足的样子。 来自英汉文学 - 汤姆历险

15 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

16 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

17 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

18 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

19 nascent   

adj.初生的，发生中的

参考例句：

• That slim book showed the Chinese intelligentsia and the nascent working class.那本小册子讲述了中国的知识界和新兴的工人阶级。
• Despite a nascent democracy movement,there's little traction for direct suffrage.尽管有过一次新生的民主运动，但几乎不会带来直接选举。

20 adviser   

n.劝告者，顾问

参考例句：

• They employed me as an adviser.他们聘请我当顾问。
• Our department has engaged a foreign teacher as phonetic adviser.我们系已经聘请了一位外籍老师作为语音顾问。

21 justified   

a.正当的，有理的

参考例句：

• She felt fully justified in asking for her money back. 她认为有充分的理由要求退款。
• The prisoner has certainly justified his claims by his actions. 那个囚犯确实已用自己的行动表明他的要求是正当的。

22 pillage   

v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物

参考例句：

• The invading troops were guilty of rape and pillage.侵略军犯了抢劫和强奸的罪。
• It was almost pillage.这简直是一场洗劫。

23 admiration   

n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕

参考例句：

• He was lost in admiration of the beauty of the scene.他对风景之美赞不绝口。
• We have a great admiration for the gold medalists.我们对金牌获得者极为敬佩。

24 tainted   

adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏

参考例句：

• The administration was tainted with scandal. 丑闻使得政府声名狼藉。
• He was considered tainted by association with the corrupt regime. 他因与腐败政府有牵连而名誉受损。 来自《简明英汉词典》

25 racism   

n.民族主义；种族歧视(意识)

参考例句：

• He said that racism is endemic in this country.他说种族主义在该国很普遍。
• Racism causes political instability and violence.种族主义道致政治动荡和暴力事件。

26 skilfully   

adv. (美skillfully)熟练地

参考例句：

• Hall skilfully weaves the historical research into a gripping narrative. 霍尔巧妙地把历史研究揉进了扣人心弦的故事叙述。
• Enthusiasm alone won't do. You've got to work skilfully. 不能光靠傻劲儿，得找窍门。

27 implicit   

a.暗示的，含蓄的，不明晰的，绝对的

参考例句：

• A soldier must give implicit obedience to his officers. 士兵必须绝对服从他的长官。
• Her silence gave implicit consent. 她的沉默表示默许。

28 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

29 insurgent   

adj.叛乱的，起事的；n.叛乱分子

参考例句：

• Faruk says they are threatened both by insurgent and government forces.法鲁克说，他们受到暴乱分子和政府军队的双重威胁。
• The insurgent mob assembled at the gate of the city park.叛变的暴徒聚在市立公园的门口。

30 entice   

v.诱骗，引诱，怂恿

参考例句：

• Nothing will entice the children from television.没有任何东西能把孩子们从电视机前诱开。
• I don't see why the English should want to entice us away from our native land.我不明白，为什英国人要引诱我们离开自己的国土。

31 elites   

精华( elite的名词复数 )； 精锐； 上层集团； （统称）掌权人物

参考例句：

• The elites are by their nature a factor contributing to underdevelopment. 这些上层人物天生是助长欠发达的因素。
• Elites always detest gifted and nimble outsiders. 社会名流对天赋聪明、多才多艺的局外人一向嫌恶。

32 embodying   

v.表现( embody的现在分词 )；象征；包括；包含

参考例句：

• Every instrument constitutes an independent contract embodying a payment obligation. 每张票据都构成一份独立的体现支付义务的合同。 来自口语例句
• Fowth, The aesthetical transcendency and the beauty embodying the man's liberty. \" 第四部分：审美的超越和作为人类自由最终体现的“美”。 来自互联网

33 cohesion   

n.团结，凝结力

参考例句：

• I had to bring some cohesion into the company.我得使整个公司恢复凝聚力。
• The power of culture is deeply rooted in the vitality,creativity and cohesion of a nation. 文化的力量，深深熔铸在民族的生命力、创造力和凝聚力之中。

34 mainstream   

n.（思想或行为的）主流；adj.主流的

参考例句：

• Their views lie outside the mainstream of current medical opinion.他们的观点不属于当今医学界观点的主流。
• Polls are still largely reflects the mainstream sentiment.民调还在很大程度上反映了社会主流情绪。

35 deficit   

n.亏空，亏损；赤字，逆差

参考例句：

• The directors have reported a deficit of 2.5 million dollars.董事们报告赤字为250万美元。
• We have a great deficit this year.我们今年有很大亏损。

36 agitation   

n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动

参考例句：

• Small shopkeepers carried on a long agitation against the big department stores.小店主们长期以来一直在煽动人们反对大型百货商店。
• These materials require constant agitation to keep them in suspension.这些药剂要经常搅动以保持悬浮状态。

37 chamber   

n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所

参考例句：

• For many,the dentist's surgery remains a torture chamber.对许多人来说，牙医的治疗室一直是间受刑室。
• The chamber was ablaze with light.会议厅里灯火辉煌。