经济学人: 国际货币基金组织总结教训

 　　The world this week-Business 本周经济要闻

　　Federal air-accident investigators¹ began looking into what caused a spaceplane owned by Virgin² Galactic to explode over the Mojave desert during a test flight, 联邦航空事故调查员已对此展开调查维珍银河航空公司旗下的一架飞船，在测试飞行中于莫哈维沙漠上空发生爆炸，

　　killing³ one pilot.  导致一名飞行员死亡。

　　The accident is a setback⁴ for the burgeoning⁵ private space industry.  此次事故给热火朝天的私人太空飞行产业浇了盆凉水。

　　Virgin Galactic had been hoping to take rich tourists to the edge of space in the aircraft perhaps as early as next year.  维珍银河航空公司本来争取在明年将富翁级别的乘客送往太空边缘。

　　Sir Richard Branson, its founder⁶, promised to keep the project going and build a second spaceplane.  公司创始人理查德?布兰森爵士承诺，将建造第二艘太空船以继续该项目。

　　He had planned to be aboard the inaugural⁷ passenger flight. 布兰森曾计划亲自参与首次太空游览。

　　Access to the internet 走近互联网

　　Robert Hannigan, the head of Britain's GCHQ intelligence agency, called for more support from internet giants  英国情报机构政府通信总部负责人罗伯特汉尼根发出呼吁，

　　such as Google and Apple in gathering⁸ information about suspected terrorists.  要求互联网巨头（诸如谷歌与苹果）提供更多协助，以收集疑似恐怖分子的信息。

　　He described social-media sites as the command and control networks of choice for terror groups,  他说，互联网已经成为恐怖组织指挥和控制的手段之一。

　　and criticised the extra security measures being added to the internet by companies in their efforts to deter⁹ surveillance by Western spies. 一些公司为防止西方间谍侵入，给网络增设了安全措施，此举也遭到了汉尼根的炮轰。

　　Haruhiko Kuroda, the governor of the Bank of Japan, strongly defended the massive expansion of the government's quantitative-easing measures, announced on October 31st.  10月31日，日本银行行长黑田东彦表示坚决支持政府实施的大规模量化宽松政策。

　　Mr Kuroda said that he would do whatever it takes to cure Japan's chronic¹⁰ disease of deflation, though critics think the scale of the new initiative will distort markets.  黑田称将竭尽全力，以消除日本的慢性通缩。不过批评家认为，新的量宽举措将扭曲市场机制。

　　After the policy was revealed the Nikkei stockmarket index jumped to a seven-year high and the yen¹¹ tumbled against the dollar. 新政一经公布，日经指数即创七年来新高，而日元对美元的汇率下跌。

　　Inflation in the euro zone will remain below the European Central Bank's target of almost 2% until at least 2016,  欧盟委员会最近发布的官方预测认为，至少到2016年，欧元区的通胀水平可以保持在2%以下，

　　according to the latest official economic forecast from the European Commission, which also sharply reduced the outlook for growth next year, to 1.1%. 而这是欧洲央行设定的目标。同时，委员会将明年的经济预期增长率大幅下调至1.1%。

　　America's economy grew at an annualised rate of 3.5% in the third quarter, thanks in part to increased government spending and exports.  得益于政府财政支出和出口两个方面的增长，美国经济第三季度增长率如按全年计算，达到3.5%。

　　But the unexpectedly large growth of the trade deficit¹² in September suggests that the GDP figure will be revised downwards¹³. 但出人意料的是，九月份出现了大规模贸易逆差，所以全年的GDP增速可能反而下调。

　　Amid the rouble rubble¹⁴ 卢布泡沫

　　The announcement by Russia's central bank that it would curb¹⁵ its support for the rouble pushed itto new lows against the dollar and the euro.  俄罗斯央行曾宣布减小对卢布的支持力度，随后卢布对美元和欧元的汇率双双跌至新低。

　　The bank spent more than 30 billion propping¹⁶ up the currency in October and it raised interest rates to 9.5% just recently.  为了支撑卢布，俄国央行于10月投入超过300亿美元，近来更是将利率上调至9.5%。

　　Limiting its interventions¹⁷ will increase inflation, but also protect foreign reserves and help avert¹⁸ the risk of a full-scale currency crisis. 减少干预将增加通胀，但也能保护外汇，并有助于避免全面货币危机。

　　The price of Brent crude sank to a four-year low afterSaudi Arabia cut its price for oil for America while raising it elsewhere,  沙特阿拉伯降低对美油价，同时提高对其他地区的价格。此举导致布伦特原油价格跌至四年以来的新低，

　　seen by some as an aggressive move by the Saudis to increase market share.  此举被看做沙特在有意抢占市场份额。

　　With the Saudis trying to boost oil imports intoAmerica, BHP Billiton,  在沙特试图扩大对美石油出口的同时，

　　meanwhile, was hoping to test a ban on oil exports fromAmerica by selling oil it has extracted but processed only very lightly inTexas. 必和必拓想打个擦边球，绕过美国原油出口禁令，出口产自德州的超轻质油。

　　A report by the IMF's internal auditor¹⁹ concluded that having first advised countries to adopt fiscal²⁰ stimulus²¹ during the global financial crisis,  国际货币基金组织一份内部审计报告称，虽然该组织首先建议各国采取财政刺激政策以应对全球经济危机，

　　the fund's later push for austerity had turned out to be a mistake and its timing²² unfortunate, because the recovery was fragile.  但经济复苏如履薄冰，使得后来该组织推行的紧缩政策成为错误时机的错误选择。

　　Christine Lagarde, who has led the IMF since 2011, said the auditor's report benefited from hindsight. 2011年就任国际货币基金组织总裁的克里斯蒂娜?拉加德认为，这份报告不过是马后炮罢了。

　　The trial of the most senior Swiss banker to be charged with helping²³ Americans evade²⁴ tax came to a swift end, when a jury in Florida took just over an hour to find him not guilty.  近年颇有一些瑞士银行家因涉嫌帮助美国客户逃税而在美国受审。

　　Raoul Weil used to run the wealth-management division at UBS.  其中级别最高者当属Raoul Weil，他曾在瑞士联合银行掌管财富管理部。

　　The prosecution²⁵'s case was based partly on testimony²⁶ from his former subordinates, some of whom struck deals to avoid prosecution.  此案审理得相当迅速，佛罗里达州的陪审团仅用一小时即宣判其无罪。

　　His defence team was so confident about winning that it didn't bother calling any witnesses. 控方虽然找到了Raoul Weil从前的一些下属充当污点证人，不过辩护团队信心满满，甚至没有传唤证人。

　　Alibaba issued its first earnings²⁷ report since making its stockmarket debut²⁸ in September.  9月上市后，阿里巴巴首次发布财报。

　　The Chinese e-commerce company's revenue in the third quarter grew by more than half, to 2.7 billion, from the same period last year,  这家中国电商第三季度营收达27亿美元，同比增幅过半。

　　mostly because many more people in China are using mobile devices to shop. 这主要得益于通过移动设备购物的中国客户大大增加。

　　Ryanair,Europe's biggest low-cost airline, reported solid earnings for the latest quarter and raised the outlook for its annual profit.  欧洲最大的廉价航空公司瑞安发布财报，显示最近一个季度收入稳定；该公司随之提高了预期年利润。

　　The butt²⁹ of many jokes about poor airline service, Ryanair has refocused on attracting business passengers and overhauled³⁰ its systems,  瑞安曾因糟糕服务为人嗤笑，如今重新关注商务客户，并彻底改进网上订票系统，

　　reducing its online booking process from 17 to five clicks.  将有关步骤从17项精简为5项。

　　Its boss, Michael O'Leary, who once described passengers as idiots, said that being nice was new to him, but was turning out to be a winning strategy. 老板迈克尔奥利瑞曾将旅客称为白痴，他表示善待他人在他的字典里是个新词，不过这招非常奏效。

　　A tasty deal 美味交易

　　United Biscuits, a British baker³¹ that includes Jaffa Cakes and Twiglets among its brands,  联合饼干公司旗下坐拥佳发蛋糕和Twiglets两大品牌。

　　was sold by its private-equity owners toYildiz,Turkey's biggest food company, for a reported 2 billion. 私募股权拥有者将其出售给土耳其最大的食品公司Yildiz。据说收购价格为20亿英镑。译者：韦永睿  校对：江虹蕾

1 investigators   

n.调查者，审查者( investigator的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• This memo could be the smoking gun that investigators have been looking for. 这份备忘录可能是调查人员一直在寻找的证据。
• The team consisted of six investigators and two secretaries. 这个团队由六个调查人员和两个秘书组成。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 virgin   

n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的

参考例句：

• Have you ever been to a virgin forest?你去过原始森林吗？
• There are vast expanses of virgin land in the remote regions.在边远地区有大片大片未开垦的土地。

3 killing   

n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财

参考例句：

• Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
• Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。

4 setback   

n.退步，挫折，挫败

参考例句：

• Since that time there has never been any setback in his career.从那时起他在事业上一直没有遇到周折。
• She views every minor setback as a disaster.她把每个较小的挫折都看成重大灾难。

5 burgeoning   

adj.迅速成长的，迅速发展的v.发芽，抽枝( burgeon的现在分词 )；迅速发展；发（芽），抽（枝）

参考例句：

• Our company's business is burgeoning now. 我们公司的业务现在发展很迅速。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• These efforts were insufficient to contain the burgeoning crisis. 这些努力不足以抑制迅速扩散的危机。 来自辞典例句

6 Founder   

n.创始者，缔造者

参考例句：

• He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school.他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
• According to the old tradition,Romulus was the founder of Rome.按照古老的传说，罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。

7 inaugural   

adj.就职的；n.就职典礼

参考例句：

• We listened to the President's inaugural speech on the radio yesterday.昨天我们通过无线电听了总统的就职演说。
• Professor Pearson gave the inaugural lecture in the new lecture theatre.皮尔逊教授在新的阶梯讲堂发表了启用演说。

8 gathering   

n.集会，聚会，聚集

参考例句：

• He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
• He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。

9 deter   

vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住

参考例句：

• Failure did not deter us from trying it again.失败并没有能阻挡我们再次进行试验。
• Dogs can deter unwelcome intruders.狗能够阻拦不受欢迎的闯入者。

10 chronic   

adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的

参考例句：

• Famine differs from chronic malnutrition.饥荒不同于慢性营养不良。
• Chronic poisoning may lead to death from inanition.慢性中毒也可能由虚弱导致死亡。

11 yen   

n. 日元；热望

参考例句：

• He wanted to convert his dollars into Japanese yen.他想将美元换成日币。
• He has a yen to be alone in a boat.他渴望独自呆在一条船上。

12 deficit   

n.亏空，亏损；赤字，逆差

参考例句：

• The directors have reported a deficit of 2.5 million dollars.董事们报告赤字为250万美元。
• We have a great deficit this year.我们今年有很大亏损。

13 downwards   

adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地）

参考例句：

• He lay face downwards on his bed.他脸向下伏在床上。
• As the river flows downwards,it widens.这条河愈到下游愈宽。

14 rubble   

n.（一堆）碎石，瓦砾

参考例句：

• After the earthquake,it took months to clean up the rubble.地震后，花了数月才清理完瓦砾。
• After the war many cities were full of rubble.战后许多城市到处可见颓垣残壁。

15 curb   

n.场外证券市场，场外交易；vt.制止，抑制

参考例句：

• I could not curb my anger.我按捺不住我的愤怒。
• You must curb your daughter when you are in church.你在教堂时必须管住你的女儿。

16 propping   

支撑

参考例句：

• You can usually find Jack propping up the bar at his local. 你常常可以看见杰克频繁出没于他居住的那家酒店。
• The government was accused of propping up declining industries. 政府被指责支持日益衰败的产业。

17 interventions   

n.介入，干涉，干预( intervention的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Economic analysis of government interventions deserves detailed discussion. 政府对经济的干预应该给予充分的论述。 来自辞典例句
• The judge's frequent interventions made a mockery of justice. 法官的屡屡干预是对正义的践踏。 来自互联网

18 avert   

v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等)

参考例句：

• He managed to avert suspicion.他设法避嫌。
• I would do what I could to avert it.我会尽力去避免发生这种情况。

19 auditor   

n.审计员，旁听着

参考例句：

• The auditor was required to produce his working papers.那个审计员被要求提供其工作底稿。
• The auditor examines the accounts of all county officers and departments.审计员查对所有县官员及各部门的帐目。

20 fiscal   

adj.财政的，会计的，国库的，国库岁入的

参考例句：

• The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。
• The government has two basic strategies of fiscal policy available.政府有两个可行的财政政策基本战略。

21 stimulus   

n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物

参考例句：

• Regard each failure as a stimulus to further efforts.把每次失利看成对进一步努力的激励。
• Light is a stimulus to growth in plants.光是促进植物生长的一个因素。

22 timing   

n.时间安排，时间选择

参考例句：

• The timing of the meeting is not convenient.会议的时间安排不合适。
• The timing of our statement is very opportune.我们发表声明选择的时机很恰当。

23 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

24 evade   

vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避

参考例句：

• He tried to evade the embarrassing question.他企图回避这令人难堪的问题。
• You are in charge of the job.How could you evade the issue?你是负责人，你怎么能对这个问题不置可否？

25 prosecution   

n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营

参考例句：

• The Smiths brought a prosecution against the organizers.史密斯家对组织者们提出起诉。
• He attempts to rebut the assertion made by the prosecution witness.他试图反驳原告方证人所作的断言。

26 testimony   

n.证词；见证，证明

参考例句：

• The testimony given by him is dubious.他所作的证据是可疑的。
• He was called in to bear testimony to what the police officer said.他被传入为警官所说的话作证。

27 earnings   

n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得

参考例句：

• That old man lives on the earnings of his daughter.那个老人靠他女儿的收入维持生活。
• Last year there was a 20% decrease in his earnings.去年他的收入减少了20%。

28 debut   

n.首次演出，初次露面

参考例句：

• That same year he made his Broadway debut, playing a suave radio journalist.在那同一年里，他初次在百老汇登台，扮演一个温文而雅的电台记者。
• The actress made her debut in the new comedy.这位演员在那出新喜剧中首次登台演出。

29 butt   

n.笑柄；烟蒂；枪托；臀部；v.用头撞或顶

参考例句：

• The water butt catches the overflow from this pipe.大水桶盛接管子里流出的东西。
• He was the butt of their jokes.他是他们的笑柄。

30 overhauled   

v.彻底检查( overhaul的过去式和过去分词 )；大修；赶上；超越

参考例句：

• Within a year the party had drastically overhauled its structure. 一年内这个政党已大刀阔斧地整顿了结构。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• A mechanic overhauled the car's motor with some new parts. 一个修理工对那辆汽车的发动机进行了彻底的检修，换了一些新部件。 来自《简明英汉词典》

31 baker   

n.面包师

参考例句：

• The baker bakes his bread in the bakery.面包师在面包房内烤面包。
• The baker frosted the cake with a mixture of sugar and whites of eggs.面包师在蛋糕上撒了一层白糖和蛋清的混合料。