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PBS高端访谈:美国社区受应对气候变化计划影响

时间:2014-12-29 06:11来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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   JEFFREY BROWN: There's another big meeting taking place in Washington this week. Native populations from around the U.S. convened1 at a conference on the impacts of climate change.

  Hari Sreenivasan has that story.
  HARI SREENIVASAN: Our series on Coping With Climate Change has included multiple examples of how Native American populations are feeling the impacts and adapting.
  We took you to coastal2 Louisiana, where tribal3 people are experiencing relative sea level rise in a very personal way. Their islands are shrinking and their burial grounds will soon be underwater.
  The Quileute Tribe in Washington State, whose reservation was down to its last square mile, until they recently won rights to move to higher ground in the nearby national park.
  Last night, we showed you how the Swinomish Tribe is trying to plan ahead and adapt to faster glacial snowmelts, higher stream temperatures, and changes in fishing grounds.
  Changes are being felt by Native peoples throughout the country, and it was the reason for the First Stewards4 conference at the Smithsonian Museum.
  We sat down with a few representatives.
  Joining me here at the National Museum of the American Indian to tell us how their communities are coping with climate change are Micah McCarty from the Makah Tribe in Washington, Kitty Simonds from Hawaii, Mike Williams from the Akiak Native Community in Alaska, and Jeff Mears from the Oneida Tribe in Wisconsin.
  Thanks so much for joining us.
  MIKE WILLIAMS, Akiak Native Community: Thank you.
  JEFF MEARS, Oneida Nation: Thank you.
  HARI SREENIVASAN: So, in your lifetimes, what have you seen change, perhaps in the areas that you have grown up? What's something that you can point to and say that this is what it used to be when I was a child and here's what the situation is today?
  KITTY SIMONDS, Western Pacific Regional Fishery Council: I guess for me, growing up in Hawaii, the changes were really with the fish population.
  We used to have much larger fish, different species. They seem to have changed. And I'm not sure whether it's climate change or the visitors feeding our fish food that they shouldn't be feeding them. So, for me, it's that, because we always ate fish at least three or four times a week.
  So that has been a large change. And the fishermen have to go farther and farther out to catch fish, in fact outside the 200-mile zone. And we have fewer fish around the coral reefs. Those actually were the best eating fish for us. We would love to—they were small, and we would fry them up, and they were delicious. Well, there are very few of those left.
  MICAH MCCARTY, Makah Nation: OK, I'm 41 years old. And I have probably been to at least 39 Makah Days. Makah Days is our celebration annually5 at the end of summer.
  And it always rained on Sunday. And one year, in 2006, in my first term on council, we had a drought that lasted towards the end of October. And we had to declare a state of emergency. But what the real concern was, was the watershed6 that supports the salmon7 hatchery.
  And we had some very serious concerns with our biologists that the eggs in the returning runs might not be viable8 by the time the rains came. And that was the first time I had ever heard of something like that happening.
  HARI SREENIVASAN: Mike Williams, you have been through more than, what, a dozen Iditarods, 14 Iditarods. You have literally9 seen Alaska in a way that probably most humans will never get a chance to see. What are the differences that you have seen in your lifetime?
  MIKE WILLIAMS: In 50 years of my observation, I have seen a lot of changes, from cold winters that—and ice that was very safe into thinning of ice.
  And we had to move in some cases further north. Our hunters are going out further. Like, in Shishmaref, they are having to go 90 miles out to find ice to get their walrus10 and their seals. And they're having to risk more going out further into the sea. And when the weather hits and then that's where the loss of life occurs.
  HARI SREENIVASAN: Jeff Mears, you're sort of representing all of those inland nations and inland communities that might not have these same sort of fishing or coastal problems, but what are some of the impacts on climate change in an inland tribe such as yours?
  JEFF MEARS: So, since I have been here, the stories that we hear in Alaska, it's immediate11 and heartbreaking, what they're going through.
  What we're looking at is planning for the future. So the tribe, the Oneida Tribe in Wisconsin, like any other government, provides a lot of services. We have a police department, a school, a health center. We have a wastewater treatment plant.
  Like most governments, we have to learn to plan to design our infrastructure12 to withstand the impacts of climate change. In our case, it's going to be similar to the weather we have seen lately, with increased hot weather events, precipitation much heavier in shorter periods of time.
  And we have seen what can happen in Duluth recently, where actually a seal was flushed right out of the zoo. There's 10 to 12 animals that drowned at the zoo because of a 10-inch rain event that happened over two days. Short-term rain events can be as powerful as hurricanes. And that's what we will be looking at, to design our infrastructure to withstand those things.
  HARI SREENIVASAN: Micah, speaking of a little bit about that adaptation, how are coastal communities along—in Washington state or on the West Coast preparing and adapting? How are they trying to synchronize13 some of what they have already known for hundreds of years with modern-day science?
  MICAH MCCARTY: Well, I think one of the biggest challenges is just realizing what's happening, because our tribal communities and our natural resource divisions that do co-management with the state and the feds.
  As Wisconsin is working to adapt, it's like we have to come up for air and look around on how we're going to start strategizing our adaptation. But my concern is, looking forward into the future, what can we do about ocean acidification? What can we do to really create a safe haven14 and integrate some of the technologies that are replicated15 around the world and become perhaps a model that other coastal communities worldwide can continue to depend on the ocean?
  HARI SREENIVASAN: Kitty Simonds, you probably know about ocean acidification and coral reef bleaching16 and perhaps even the introduction of foreign species and what sort of interplay that has.
  KITTY SIMONDS: Yes, in terms of the coral reefs, you know, you can replant them. And that's the—you know, because of the coral bleaching, they're going to have to think of ways of replanting the coral someplace else around the island.
  And they do thrive. So that is one of the solutions in terms of the coral reefs. They're very important to the islanders because of—the fish that live around the coral reefs are the fish that the islanders eat. So, once that goes away, the fish goes away, they lose their culture.
  HARI SREENIVASAN: Mike Williams, so some of these tribes are able to move inland. But that's not a cheap proposition to try and pick up your entire village or your way of life and move inland. What happens to these communities when there isn't that money? Do these tribal people scatter17?
  MIKE WILLIAMS: The village of Newtok (ph) is beginning to move.
  And it's a slow process. And the communities are having mixed feelings about moving from where they were born. And where I was born, our old house was on the river, and it fell in. But we're having to move further inland. And the infrastructure is very expensive.
  HARI SREENIVASAN: Jeff Mears, help put this in some economic perspective. For a tribe like yours, trying to plan for these changes to the climate, as it changes and the types of things that you have to plan for in your community, what does that cost you? And ultimately what does that cost the local state or federal governments?
  JEFF MEARS: So, some of the stuff we have talked about is obviously the infrastructure.
  There will be a certain cost that is going to make sure, for example, our wastewater treatment plant is designed—it's already in place now—to make sure that we protect it from water that could wipe it out. There's examples of infrastructure like wastewater treatment plants being inundated18 with water, cryptosporidium outbreaks on public health.
  The costs just keep getting escalated19 if you don't do anything. So the up-front costs I think are far less than what it will be if we don't do anything.
  HARI SREENIVASAN: All right, Jeff Mears from Wisconsin, Mike Williams from Alaska, Kitty Simonds from Hawaii, and Micah McCarty from Washington state, thanks so much for joining us.

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 convened fbc66e55ebdef2d409f2794046df6cf1     
召开( convene的过去式 ); 召集; (为正式会议而)聚集; 集合
参考例句:
  • The chairman convened the committee to put the issue to a vote. 主席召集委员们开会对这个问题进行表决。
  • The governor convened his troops to put down the revolt. 总督召集他的部队去镇压叛乱。
2 coastal WWiyh     
adj.海岸的,沿海的,沿岸的
参考例句:
  • The ocean waves are slowly eating away the coastal rocks.大海的波浪慢慢地侵蚀着岸边的岩石。
  • This country will fortify the coastal areas.该国将加强沿海地区的防御。
3 tribal ifwzzw     
adj.部族的,种族的
参考例句:
  • He became skilled in several tribal lingoes.他精通几种部族的语言。
  • The country was torn apart by fierce tribal hostilities.那个国家被部落间的激烈冲突弄得四分五裂。
4 stewards 5967fcba18eb6c2dacaa4540a2a7c61f     
(轮船、飞机等的)乘务员( steward的名词复数 ); (俱乐部、旅馆、工会等的)管理员; (大型活动的)组织者; (私人家中的)管家
参考例句:
  • The stewards all wore armbands. 乘务员都戴了臂章。
  • The stewards will inspect the course to see if racing is possible. 那些干事将检视赛马场看是否适宜比赛。
5 annually VzYzNO     
adv.一年一次,每年
参考例句:
  • Many migratory birds visit this lake annually.许多候鸟每年到这个湖上作短期逗留。
  • They celebrate their wedding anniversary annually.他们每年庆祝一番结婚纪念日。
6 watershed jgQwo     
n.转折点,分水岭,分界线
参考例句:
  • Our marriage was at a watershed.我们的婚姻到了一个转折关头。
  • It forms the watershed between the two rivers.它成了两条河流的分水岭。
7 salmon pClzB     
n.鲑,大马哈鱼,橙红色的
参考例句:
  • We saw a salmon jumping in the waterfall there.我们看见一条大马哈鱼在那边瀑布中跳跃。
  • Do you have any fresh salmon in at the moment?现在有新鲜大马哈鱼卖吗?
8 viable mi2wZ     
adj.可行的,切实可行的,能活下去的
参考例句:
  • The scheme is economically viable.这个计划从经济效益来看是可行的。
  • The economy of the country is not viable.这个国家经济是难以维持的。
9 literally 28Wzv     
adv.照字面意义,逐字地;确实
参考例句:
  • He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
  • Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候,她不走到真正要昏厥了,决不肯坐下来。
10 walrus hMSzp     
n.海象
参考例句:
  • He is the queer old duck with the knee-length gaiters and walrus mustache.他穿着高及膝盖的皮护腿,留着海象般的八字胡,真是个古怪的老家伙。
  • He seemed hardly to notice the big walrus.他几乎没有注意到那只大海象。
11 immediate aapxh     
adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的
参考例句:
  • His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
  • We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。
12 infrastructure UbBz5     
n.下部构造,下部组织,基础结构,基础设施
参考例句:
  • We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
  • We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设,发展各类群众文化。
13 synchronize Lqlwy     
v.使同步 [=synchronise]
参考例句:
  • The sound on a film must synchronize with the action. 影片中的声音必须与动作配合一致。
  • You must synchronize your Inbox before selecting additional folders. 在选择其他文件夹前,您必须同步您的收件箱。
14 haven 8dhzp     
n.安全的地方,避难所,庇护所
参考例句:
  • It's a real haven at the end of a busy working day.忙碌了一整天后,这真是一个安乐窝。
  • The school library is a little haven of peace and quiet.学校的图书馆是一个和平且安静的小避风港。
15 replicated 08069c56938bbf6ddcc01ee2fd848af5     
复制( replicate的过去式和过去分词 ); 重复; 再造; 再生
参考例句:
  • Later outplant the seedlings in a replicated permanent test plantation. 以后苗木出圃栽植成重复的永久性试验林。
  • The phage has replicated and the donor cells have lysed. 噬菌体已复制和给体细胞已发生裂解。
16 bleaching c8f59fe090b4d03ec300145821501bd3     
漂白法,漂白
参考例句:
  • Moderately weathered rock showed more intense bleaching and fissuring in the feldspars. 中等风化岩石则是指长石有更为强烈的变白现象和裂纹现象。
  • Bleaching effects are very strong and show on air photos. 退色效应非常强烈,并且反映在航空象片上。
17 scatter uDwzt     
vt.撒,驱散,散开;散布/播;vi.分散,消散
参考例句:
  • You pile everything up and scatter things around.你把东西乱堆乱放。
  • Small villages scatter at the foot of the mountain.村庄零零落落地散布在山脚下。
18 inundated b757ab1facad862c244d283c6bf1f666     
v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 );(洪水般地)涌来;充满;给予或交予(太多事物)使难以应付
参考例句:
  • We have been inundated with offers of help. 主动援助多得使我们应接不暇。
  • We have been inundated with every bit of information imaginable. 凡是想得到的各种各样的信息潮水般地向我们涌来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
19 escalated 219d770572d00a227dc481a3bdb2c51e     
v.(使)逐步升级( escalate的过去式和过去分词 );(使)逐步扩大;(使)更高;(使)更大
参考例句:
  • The fighting escalated into a full-scale war. 这场交战逐步扩大为全面战争。
  • The demonstration escalated into a pitched battle with the police. 示威逐步升级,演变成了一场同警察的混战。
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