pbs高端访谈:波兰放宽液压破碎法的规定以期刺激经济

 　　JEFFREY BROWN:And, finally tonight, we turn to Poland, where there's a familiar controversy¹ surrounding new energy exploration.

　　Our story is part of a collaboration² with the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, and comes from special correspondent Steve Sapienza.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:Northern Poland, a rustic³ region of freshwater lakes, forests and villages, and thousands of feet below the surface, a potential fortune in natural gas trapped in shale⁴ rock. Energy companies are already drilling here, using hydraulic⁵ fracturing, or fracking, a controversial method of gas extraction imported from the United States.

　　PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA:We believe that there's the capacity technologically⁶ to extract that gas in a way that is entirely⁷ safe. And what we want to do is to be able to share our expertise⁸ and technology with Poland.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:Since 2010, a U.S. State Department initiative has quietly promoted the development of shale gas resources in countries like Poland.

　　Exploration drilling sites like this one offer the promise of a shale gas boom in Poland. But many residents who live near the drilling sites feel that the gas companies and their government have left them out of the decisions that could crucially impact their way of life.

　　GRAZNYA MAZANOWSKA, Poland: We are Strzegowo, a small rural community. Behind us, there is a new investment, a gas rig.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:Last June, the unexpected arrival of drilling operators sense local residents like Graznya Mazanowska scrambling⁹ for information.

　　GRAZNYA MAZANOWSKA:We discovered what it was when some workers who weren't local started building an access road. And there was no information provided to us by local authorities.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:About 30 energy companies, both state-owned and international, are operating in Poland. While the majority of Poles support shale gas exploration, residents who live near the drilling sites say they want it safely extracted.

　　GRAZNYA MAZANOWSKA:We are not against shale gas, but we want to enforce that the company's compliance¹⁰ with our laws and to ensure that the most important things, the water and the environment, are preserved. We are going to be here long after the company is gone.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:Hydraulic fracturing was developed in the United States. The process involves injecting millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals deep underground to fracture the shale rock and release the gas. Fracking is credited with sparking a U.S. energy boom, creating jobs and lowering energy prices.

　　Yet the process has also raised questions about water contamination and air pollution that are under investigation¹¹ by the Environmental Protection Agency. In Europe, France and Bulgaria have banned fracking due to environmental concerns. However, the Polish government recently eased drilling regulations. It’s banking¹² on shale gas to boost Poland's economy, reduce dependence¹³ on Russian gas imports and cut energy prices.

　　So far, early exploration efforts in Northern Poland have been met with resistance and suspicion by locals. Last August, a gas company subcontractor visited Ed Sawicki, seeking permission to survey for shale gas on his 340-year-old family farm.

　　EDWARD SAWICKI, Poland: He left some papers with me to sign. The top one was a blank form. But I looked at the one underneath¹⁴, which had a handwritten note on it, "Oral permission granted."STEVE SAPIENZA:Sawicki soon discovered his neighbors had signed the papers, claiming they were promised free gas and oil.

　　EDWARD SAWICKI:I get grants as an organic former from the E.U. How is it possible for someone to drill for gas on land that had been certified¹⁵ as organic and dedicated¹⁶ for organic farming?

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:Worried the family farm was hanging in the balance, Sawicki took his frustrations¹⁷ public.

　　EDWARD SAWICKI:I got this idea to use a wall of my barn to protest against shale gas exploration in our area. I have lost faith in self-governance on all levels, whether it's the county, county councils or mayors. There's no point in voting, because nothing has changed since the communist era.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:In its quest for shale gas, Poland hopes to emulate¹⁸ the U.S. model.

　　But there are big differences, says energy expert John Banks of the Brookings Institution.

　　JOHN BANKS, Brookings Institution: You have some very significant infrastructure¹⁹ constraints²⁰ to taking advantage of shale gas in a region such as Poland. You also have differences where regard to the mineral rights.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:U.S. landowners own the rights to the gas and oil below their land. Not so in Poland, where the state owns everything 50 centimeters and below.

　　JOHN BANKS:If you don't own the mineral rights, then you don't have as much skin in the game. And therefore you might be more inclined to not promote or support shale gas development.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:A gas drilling pad sits 300 meters from farmer Mieczyslaw Rutkowski's fields.

　　MIECZYSLAW RUTKOWSKI, Farmer: We live in an elevated area. The soil is very weak and permeable. We often experience droughts.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:Fracking typically uses between two million and five million gallons of locally sourced water per well.

　　MIECZYSLAW RUTKOWSKI:I suspect that with the depletion²¹ of groundwater, we will have a very serious problem. I keep looking at this horrible rig and wonder whether it will pose a threat to us. We would like to see some assurances from the government that we are going to be compensated²² in case of some ecological²³ disaster that will impact our livelihoods²⁴.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:The government says, should a drilling accident occur, local residents have the right to sue the drilling company.

　　MACIEJ WOZNIAK, Poland Ministry²⁵ of the Environment: The farmer has the ability to defend his rights at the court. And that's—sometimes, it is obvious that it will find a way finished in court. But that's democracy, right?

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:The Polish government sees a future where shale gas revenues fill state and local coffers and Polish consumers have lower energy bills.

　　MACIEJ WOZNIAK:The Polish economy will make money by reducing gas prices thanks to national production.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:So far, Polish residents have seen little direct benefit from the drilling rigs in their midst.

　　GRAZNYA MAZANOWSKA:We are very skeptical²⁶ about any potential benefits to our community. They promised employment, but everybody realizes that only expert workers with special training can be employed here.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:Gas companies have just started to explore concessions²⁷ that cover nearly one-third of Poland's territory. This all but guarantees more Polish citizens will come into contact with gas exploration efforts in the years to come.

　　JOHN BANKS:In Poland, you're talking about a much more densely²⁸ populated area, as opposed to, say, some of the basins in the Western part of the United States. And I think you will find that having a big impact on the progress of shale gas production.

　　MARCIN ZIEBA, Polish Exploration and Production Industry Organization: We don't have, the country, so long history within the shale gas operation and even exploration. So this educational part of the process should be treated with extreme caution.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:If exploration is to move forward, drilling operators will need the support of local communities, says Marcin Zieba, spokesperson for the shale gas drilling operators in Poland.

　　MARCIN ZIEBA:There are plenty of myths that are circulated among the local communities.

　　And the role of the operators should be to dispel²⁹ such myths and to give the real picture of how hydraulic fracking works, that maybe the amount of chemicals used during the fracturing is not that significant. Maybe these substances used during hydraulic fracturing are not that dangerous as some of the materials throughout the Internet try to show.

　　STEVE SAPIENZA:For now, the Polish government and gas drillers face the challenge of pursuing valuable energy deep in the earth without fueling dissent³⁰ above ground.

　　JEFFREY BROWN:That report was a collaboration with the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting and Calkins Media. You willfind a link to their special report on this issueon our website.

1 controversy   

n.争论，辩论，争吵

参考例句：

• That is a fact beyond controversy.那是一个无可争论的事实。
• We ran the risk of becoming the butt of every controversy.我们要冒使自己在所有的纷争中都成为众矢之的的风险。

2 collaboration   

n.合作，协作；勾结

参考例句：

• The two companies are working in close collaboration each other.这两家公司密切合作。
• He was shot for collaboration with the enemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。

3 rustic   

adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬

参考例句：

• It was nearly seven months of leisurely rustic living before Michael felt real boredom.这种悠闲的乡村生活过了差不多七个月之后,迈克尔开始感到烦闷。
• We hoped the fresh air and rustic atmosphere would help him adjust.我们希望新鲜的空气和乡村的氛围能帮他调整自己。

4 shale   

n.页岩，泥板岩

参考例句：

• We can extract oil from shale.我们可以从页岩中提取石油。
• Most of the rock in this mountain is shale.这座山上大部分的岩石都是页岩。

5 hydraulic   

adj.水力的；水压的，液压的；水力学的

参考例句：

• The boat has no fewer than five hydraulic pumps.这艘船配有不少于5个液压泵。
• A group of apprentics were operating the hydraulic press.一群学徒正在开动水压机。

6 technologically   

ad.技术上地

参考例句：

• Shanghai is a technologically advanced city. 上海是中国的一个技术先进的城市。
• Many senior managers are technologically illiterate. 许多高级经理都对技术知之甚少。

7 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

8 expertise   

n.专门知识(或技能等)，专长

参考例句：

• We were amazed at his expertise on the ski slopes.他斜坡滑雪的技能使我们赞叹不已。
• You really have the technical expertise in a new breakthrough.让你真正在专业技术上有一个全新的突破。

9 scrambling   

v.快速爬行( scramble的现在分词 )；攀登；争夺；（军事飞机）紧急起飞

参考例句：

• Scrambling up her hair, she darted out of the house. 她匆忙扎起头发，冲出房去。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• She is scrambling eggs. 她正在炒蛋。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 compliance   

n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从

参考例句：

• I was surprised by his compliance with these terms.我对他竟然依从了这些条件而感到吃惊。
• She gave up the idea in compliance with his desire.她顺从他的愿望而放弃自己的主意。

11 investigation   

n.调查，调查研究

参考例句：

• In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
• He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。

12 banking   

n.银行业，银行学，金融业

参考例句：

• John is launching his son on a career in banking.约翰打算让儿子在银行界谋一个新职位。
• He possesses an extensive knowledge of banking.他具有广博的银行业务知识。

13 dependence   

n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属

参考例句：

• Doctors keep trying to break her dependence of the drug.医生们尽力使她戒除毒瘾。
• He was freed from financial dependence on his parents.他在经济上摆脱了对父母的依赖。

14 underneath   

adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面

参考例句：

• Working underneath the car is always a messy job.在汽车底下工作是件脏活。
• She wore a coat with a dress underneath.她穿着一件大衣，里面套着一条连衣裙。

15 certified   

a.经证明合格的；具有证明文件的

参考例句：

• Doctors certified him as insane. 医生证明他精神失常。
• The planes were certified airworthy. 飞机被证明适于航行。

16 dedicated   

adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的

参考例句：

• He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
• His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。

17 frustrations   

挫折( frustration的名词复数 )； 失败； 挫败； 失意

参考例句：

• The temptation would grow to take out our frustrations on Saigon. 由于我们遭到挫折而要同西贡算帐的引诱力会增加。
• Aspirations will be raised, but so will frustrations. 人们会产生种种憧憬，但是种种挫折也会随之而来。

18 emulate   

v.努力赶上或超越，与…竞争；效仿

参考例句：

• You must work hard to emulate your sister.你必须努力工作，赶上你姐姐。
• You must look at the film and try to emulate his behavior.你们必须观看这部电影，并尽力模仿他的动作。

19 infrastructure   

n.下部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施

参考例句：

• We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
• We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设，发展各类群众文化。

20 constraints   

强制( constraint的名词复数 )； 限制； 约束

参考例句：

• Data and constraints can easily be changed to test theories. 信息库中的数据和限制条件可以轻易地改变以检验假设。 来自英汉非文学 - 科学史
• What are the constraints that each of these imply for any design? 这每种产品的要求和约束对于设计意味着什么？ 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

21 depletion   

n.耗尽，枯竭

参考例句：

• Increased consumption of water has led to rapid depletion of groundwater reserves.用水量的增加导致了地下水贮备迅速枯竭。
• Farmers should rotate crops every season to prevent depletion of the soil.农夫每季应该要轮耕，以免耗尽土壤。

22 compensated   

补偿，报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 )； 给（某人）赔偿（或赔款）

参考例句：

• The marvelous acting compensated for the play's weak script. 本剧的精彩表演弥补了剧本的不足。
• I compensated his loss with money. 我赔偿他经济损失。

23 ecological   

adj.生态的，生态学的

参考例句：

• The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
• Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.

24 livelihoods   

生计，谋生之道( livelihood的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• First came the earliest individualistic pioneers who depended on hunting and fishing for their livelihoods. 走在最前面的是早期的个人主义先驱者，他们靠狩猎捕鱼为生。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• With little influence over policies, their traditional livelihoods are threatened. 因为马赛族人对政策的影响力太小，他们的传统生计受到了威胁。

25 ministry   

n.(政府的)部；牧师

参考例句：

• They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
• We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。

26 skeptical   

adj.怀疑的，多疑的

参考例句：

• Others here are more skeptical about the chances for justice being done.这里的其他人更为怀疑正义能否得到伸张。
• Her look was skeptical and resigned.她的表情是将信将疑而又无可奈何。

27 concessions   

n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权

参考例句：

• The firm will be forced to make concessions if it wants to avoid a strike. 要想避免罢工，公司将不得不作出一些让步。
• The concessions did little to placate the students. 让步根本未能平息学生的愤怒。

28 densely   

ad.密集地；浓厚地

参考例句：

• A grove of trees shadowed the house densely. 树丛把这幢房子遮蔽得很密实。
• We passed through miles of densely wooded country. 我们穿过好几英里茂密的林地。

29 dispel   

vt.驱走，驱散，消除

参考例句：

• I tried in vain to dispel her misgivings.我试图消除她的疑虑，但没有成功。
• We hope the programme will dispel certain misconceptions about the disease.我们希望这个节目能消除对这种疾病的一些误解。

30 dissent   

n./v.不同意，持异议

参考例句：

• It is too late now to make any dissent.现在提出异议太晚了。
• He felt her shoulders gave a wriggle of dissent.他感到她的肩膀因为不同意而动了一下。