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This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber. This'll just take a minute.

The Patriot¹ Act and the Bioterrorism Preparedness Act were passed in 2001 and 2002. These laws in part cover research on pathogens and toxins² thought to have potential as bioweapons.

The Bush administration increased funding for research on such toxins and pathogens—but the laws added a great many procedural steps for such research, and restricted who could work with the microbes. Scientists at Carnegie Mellon recently evaluated the impact of the laws on research in the Proceedings³ of the National Academy of Sciences.

They checked out work with anthrax bacteria, the ebola virus, along with a control, Klebsiella bacteria. The researchers did find an increase in the total number of papers published. But before the laws, 17 anthrax papers appeared per million dollars of funding. With the restrictions⁴, only three papers appeared per million dollars of funding. For ebola, the numbers dropped from 14 to six papers per million dollars. Figures for the control remained the same.

The bottom line: the study authors say that research on anthrax and ebola has not been seriously inhibited⁵. But it has been made significantly less efficient.

Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber.

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1 patriot
n.爱国者，爱国主义者
参考例句：
He avowed himself a patriot.他自称自己是爱国者。 He is a patriot who has won the admiration of the French already.他是一个已经赢得法国人敬仰的爱国者。

2 toxins
n.毒素( toxin的名词复数 )
参考例句：
The seas have been used as a receptacle for a range of industrial toxins. 海洋成了各种有毒工业废料的大容器。 Most toxins are naturally excreted from the body. 大部分毒素被自然排出体外。来自《简明英汉词典》

3 proceedings
n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报
参考例句：
He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。 to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼

4 restrictions
约束( restriction的名词复数 )；管制；制约因素；带限制性的条件（或规则）
参考例句：
I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。 a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制

5 inhibited
a.拘谨的，拘束的
参考例句：
Boys are often more inhibited than girls about discussing their problems. 男孩子往往不如女孩子敢于谈论自己的问题。 Having been laughed at for his lameness,the boy became shy and inhibited. 那男孩因跛脚被人讥笑，变得羞怯而压抑。