万物简史 第135期:基本物质(7)

 　　And his fancy equipment did in fact come in very handy. For years, he and Madame Lavoisier occupied themselves with extremely exacting¹ studies requiring the finest measurements. They determined², for instance, that a rusting³ object doesn't lose weight, as everyone had long assumed, but gains weight—an extraordinary discovery. Somehow as it rusted⁴ the object was attracting elemental particles from the air. It was the first realization⁵ that matter can be transformed but not eliminated. If you burned this book now, its matter would be changed to ash and smoke, but the net amount of stuff in the universe would be the same. This became known as the conservation of mass, and it was a revolutionary concept.

　　他的想像力实际上是得来全不费工夫的。多年来，他和拉瓦锡太太一直在忙于艰苦的研究工作，那些研究要求最精密的计算。比如，他们确定，生锈的物体不会像大家长期以来认为的那样变轻，而会变重——这是一项了不起的发现。物体在生锈的过程中以某种方式从空气中吸引基本粒子。认识到物质只会变形，不会消失，这还是第一次。假如你现在把这本书烧了，它的物质会变成灰和烟，但物质在宇宙中的总量不会改变。后来，这被称之为物质不灭，是一个革命性的理念。

　　Unfortunately, it coincided with another type of revolution—the French one—and for this one Lavoisier was entirely⁶ on the wrong side.

　　不幸的是，它恰好与另一场革命——法国大革命——同时发生，而在这场革命中，拉瓦锡完全站错了队。

　　Not only was he a member of the hated Ferme Generale, but he had enthusiastically built the wall that enclosed Paris—an edifice⁷ so loathed⁸ that it was the first thing attacked by the rebellious⁹ citizens. Capitalizing on this, in 1791 Marat, now a leading voice in the National Assembly, denounced Lavoisier and suggested that it was well past time for his hanging. Soon afterward¹⁰ the Ferme Generale was shut down. Not long after this Marat was murdered in his bath by an aggrieved¹¹ young woman named Charlotte Corday, but by this time it was too late for Lavoisier.

　　他不但是税务总公司的一名成员，而且劲头十足地修建过巴黎的城墙——起义的市民们对该建筑物厌恶之极，首先攻打的就是这东西。1791年，这时候已经是国民议会中一位重要人物的马拉利用了这一点，对拉瓦锡进行谴责，认为他早该被绞死。过不多久，马拉在洗澡时被一名受迫害的年轻女子杀害，她的名字叫夏洛特·科黛，但这对拉瓦锡来说已经为时太晚。

1 exacting   

adj.苛求的，要求严格的

参考例句：

• He must remember the letters and symbols with exacting precision.他必须以严格的精度记住每个字母和符号。
• The public has been more exacting in its demands as time has passed.随着时间的推移，公众的要求更趋严格。

2 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

3 rusting   

n.生锈v.（使）生锈( rust的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• There was an old rusting bolt on the door. 门上有一个生锈的旧门闩。 来自辞典例句
• Zinc can be used to cover other metals to stop them rusting. 锌可用来涂在其他金属表面以防锈。 来自辞典例句

4 rusted   

v.（使）生锈( rust的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• I can't get these screws out; they've rusted in. 我无法取出这些螺丝，它们都锈住了。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• My bike has rusted and needs oil. 我的自行车生锈了，需要上油。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 realization   

n.实现；认识到，深刻了解

参考例句：

• We shall gladly lend every effort in our power toward its realization.我们将乐意为它的实现而竭尽全力。
• He came to the realization that he would never make a good teacher.他逐渐认识到自己永远不会成为好老师。

6 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

7 edifice   

n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室)

参考例句：

• The American consulate was a magnificent edifice in the centre of Bordeaux.美国领事馆是位于波尔多市中心的一座宏伟的大厦。
• There is a huge Victorian edifice in the area.该地区有一幢维多利亚式的庞大建筑物。

8 loathed   

v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的过去式和过去分词 )；极不喜欢

参考例句：

• Baker loathed going to this red-haired young pup for supplies. 面包师傅不喜欢去这个红头发的自负的傻小子那里拿原料。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Therefore, above all things else, he loathed his miserable self! 因此，他厌恶不幸的自我尤胜其它！ 来自英汉文学 - 红字

9 rebellious   

adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的

参考例句：

• They will be in danger if they are rebellious.如果他们造反，他们就要发生危险。
• Her reply was mild enough,but her thoughts were rebellious.她的回答虽然很温和，但她的心里十分反感。

10 afterward   

adv.后来；以后

参考例句：

• Let's go to the theatre first and eat afterward. 让我们先去看戏，然后吃饭。
• Afterward,the boy became a very famous artist.后来，这男孩成为一个很有名的艺术家。

11 aggrieved   

adj.愤愤不平的，受委屈的；悲痛的；（在合法权利方面）受侵害的v.令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式)；令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式和过去分词)

参考例句：

• He felt aggrieved at not being chosen for the team. 他因没被选到队里感到愤愤不平。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• She is the aggrieved person whose fiance&1& did not show up for their wedding. 她很委屈，她的未婚夫未出现在他们的婚礼上。 来自《简明英汉词典》