万物简史 第137期:基本物质(9)

 　　In the early 1800s there arose in England a fashion for inhaling¹ nitrous oxide², or laughing gas, after it was discovered that its use “was attended by a highly pleasurable thrilling.” For the next half century it would be the drug of choice for young people. One learned body, the Askesian Society, was for a time devoted³ to little else. Theaters put on “laughing gas evenings” where volunteers could refresh themselves with a robust⁴ inhalation and then entertain the audience with their comical staggerings.

　　19世纪初，英国开始风行吸入一氧化二氮，或称笑气，因为有人发现，使用这种气体会"给人一种高度的快感和刺激"。在随后的半个世纪里，它成了年轻人使用的一种高档毒品。有个名叫阿斯克协会的学术团体一度不再致力于别的事情，专场举办"笑气晚会"，志愿者可以在那里狠狠吸上一口，提提精神，然后以摇摇摆摆的滑稽姿态逗乐观众。

　　It wasn't until 1846 that anyone got around to finding a practical use for nitrous oxide, as an anesthetic⁵. Goodness knows how many tens of thousands of people suffered unnecessary agonies under the surgeon's knife because no one thought of the gas's most obvious practical application.

　　直到1846年，才有人有时间为一氧化二氮找到了一条实用途径：用做麻醉药。事情是明摆着的，过去怎么谁也没有想到，害得天知道有多少万人在外科医生的刀下吃了不必要的苦头。

　　笑气

　　I mention this to make the point that chemistry, having come so far in the 18th century, rather lost its bearing in the first decades of the 19th, in much the way that geology would in the early years of the 20th. Partly it was to do with the limitations of equipment—there were, for instance, no centrifuges until the second half of the century, severely⁶ restricting many kinds of experiments—and partly it was social. Chemistry was, generally speaking, a science for businesspeople, for those who worked with coal and potash and dyes, and not gentlemen, who tended to be drawn⁷ to geology, natural history, and physics. (This was slightly less true in continental⁸ Europe than in Britain, but only slightly.) It is perhaps telling that one of the most important observations of the century, Brownian motion, which established the active nature of molecules⁹, was made notby a chemist but by a Scottish botanist¹⁰, Robert Brown.(What Brown noticed, in 1827, was that tiny grains of pollen¹¹ suspended in water remained indefinitely in motion no matter how long he gave them to settle.The cause of this perpetual motion—namely the actions of invisible molecules—was long a mystery.)

　　我提这一点是为了说明，在18世纪得到如此发展的化学，在19世纪的头几十年里有点儿失去方向，就像地质学在20世纪头几十年里的情况一样。部分原因跟仪器的局限性有关系--比如，直到那个世纪末叶才有了离心机，极大地限制了许多种类的实验工作。还有部分原因是社会。总的来说，化学是商人的科学，是与煤炭、钾碱和染料打交道的人的科学，不是绅士的科学。绅士阶层往往对地质学、自然史和物理学感兴趣。（与英国相比，欧洲大陆的情况有点儿不一样，但仅仅是有点儿。）有一件事兴许能说明问题。那个世纪最重要的一次观察，即确定分子运动性质的布朗运动，不是化学家做的，而是苏格兰植物学家罗伯特?布朗做的。（布朗在1827年注意到，悬在水里的花粉微粒永远处于运动状态，无论时间持续多久。这样不停运动的原因--即看不见的分子的作用--在很长时间里是个谜。）

1 inhaling   

v.吸入( inhale的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He was treated for the effects of inhaling smoke. 他因吸入烟尘而接受治疗。 来自辞典例句
• The long-term effects of inhaling contaminated air is unknown. 长期吸入被污染空气的影响还无从知晓。 来自互联网

2 oxide   

n.氧化物

参考例句：

• Oxide is usually seen in our daily life.在我们的日常生活中氧化物很常见。
• How can you get rid of this oxide coating?你们该怎样除去这些氧化皮？

3 devoted   

adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的

参考例句：

• He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。

4 robust   

adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的

参考例句：

• She is too tall and robust.她个子太高，身体太壮。
• China wants to keep growth robust to reduce poverty and avoid job losses,AP commented.美联社评论道，中国希望保持经济强势增长，以减少贫困和失业状况。

5 anesthetic   

n.麻醉剂，麻药；adj.麻醉的，失去知觉的

参考例句：

• He was given a general anesthetic.他被全身麻醉。
• He was still under the influence of the anesthetic.他仍处在麻醉状态。

6 severely   

adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地

参考例句：

• He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
• He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。

7 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。

8 continental   

adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的

参考例句：

• A continental climate is different from an insular one.大陆性气候不同于岛屿气候。
• The most ancient parts of the continental crust are 4000 million years old.大陆地壳最古老的部分有40亿年历史。

9 molecules   

分子( molecule的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
• Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。

10 botanist   

n.植物学家

参考例句：

• The botanist introduced a new species of plant to the region.那位植物学家向该地区引入了一种新植物。
• I had never talked with a botanist before,and I found him fascinating.我从没有接触过植物学那一类的学者，我觉得他说话极有吸引力。

11 pollen   

n.[植]花粉

参考例句：

• Hummingbirds have discovered that nectar and pollen are very nutritious.蜂鸟发现花蜜和花粉是很有营养的。
• He developed an allergy to pollen.他对花粉过敏。