万物简史 第519期:丰富多彩的生命(15)

 Genus (pluralgenera) and species had been employed by naturalists¹ for over a hundred years before Linnaeus, “属”和“种”，博物学家们在林奈之前已经使用了100多年；

and order, class, and family in their biological senses all came into use in the 1750s and 1760s. 在18世纪50-60年代，生物学意义上的“目”、“纲”和“科”开始使用；

But phylum wasn't coined until 1876 (by the German Ernst Haeckel), 而“门”是l876年才（由德国人海克尔）创造出来的；

and family and order were treated as interchangeable until early in the twentieth century. 直到20世纪初，“科”和“目”一直被认为可以替换使用。

For a time zoologists² used family where botanists³ placed order, to the occasional confusion of nearly everyone. 植物学家使用“目”的地方，动物学家一度使用“科”，有时候几乎把大家搞得很糊涂。

(To illustrate⁴, humans are in the domain⁵ eucarya, in the kingdom animalia, in the phylum chordata, （比如，人类属于真核细胞域，动物界，脊索动物门，

in the subphylum vertebrata, in the class mammalia, in the order primates⁶, in the family hominidae, in the genus homo, in the species sapiens. 节肢动物亚门，哺乳动物纲，灵长动物目，人科，人属，智人种。

Some taxonomists employ further subdivisions: tribe, suborder, infraorder, parvorder, and more.) 有的分类学家还要细分：族、亚目、小目和下目。）

Linnaeus had divided the animal world into six categories: 林奈曾把动物界分为六类：

mammals, reptiles⁷, birds, fishes, insects, and "vermes," or worms, for everything that didn't fit into the first five. 哺乳动物类、爬行动物类、鸟类、鱼类、昆虫类和蠕虫类，凡是不能放在前五类的都放在第六类。

From the outset it was evident that putting lobsters⁸ and shrimp⁹ into the same category as worms was unsatisfactory, 从一开始就很明显，把龙虾和小虾都放在蠕虫类是不能令人满意的，

and various new categories such as Mollusca and Crustacea were created. 于是就创建了许多新的种类，如软体动物类和甲壳动物类。

Unfortunately these new classifications were not uniformly applied¹⁰ from nation to nation. 不幸的是，这种新的分类在各国用得很不统一。

 

1 naturalists   

n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者

参考例句：

• Naturalists differ much in determining what characters are of generic value. 自然学者对于不同性状决定生物的属的含义上，各有各的见解。 来自辞典例句
• This fact has led naturalists to believe that the Isthmus was formerly open. 使许多自然学者相信这个地蛱在以前原是开通的。 来自辞典例句

2 zoologists   

动物学家( zoologist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Zoologists refer barnacles to Crustanceans. 动物学家把螺蛳归入甲壳类。
• It is now a source of growing interest for chemists and zoologists as well. 它现在也是化学家和动物学家愈感兴趣的一个所在。

3 botanists   

n.植物学家，研究植物的人( botanist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Botanists had some difficulty categorizing the newly found plant. 植物学家们不大容易确定这种新发现的植物的种类。 来自辞典例句
• Botanists refer this flower to the rose family. 植物学家将这花归入蔷薇科。 来自辞典例句

4 illustrate   

v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图

参考例句：

• The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
• This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思。

5 domain   

n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围

参考例句：

• This information should be in the public domain.这一消息应该为公众所知。
• This question comes into the domain of philosophy.这一问题属于哲学范畴。

6 primates   

primate的复数

参考例句：

• Primates are alert, inquisitive animals. 灵长目动物是机灵、好奇的动物。
• Consciousness or cerebration has been said to have emerged in the evolution of higher primates. 据说意识或思考在较高级灵长类的进化中已出现。

7 reptiles   

n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Snakes and crocodiles are both reptiles. 蛇和鳄鱼都是爬行动物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Birds, reptiles and insects come from eggs. 鸟类、爬虫及昆虫是卵生的。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

8 lobsters   

龙虾( lobster的名词复数 )； 龙虾肉

参考例句：

• I have no idea about how to prepare those cuttlefish and lobsters. 我对如何烹调那些乌贼和龙虾毫无概念。
• She sold me a couple of live lobsters. 她卖了几只活龙虾给我。

9 shrimp   

n.虾，小虾；矮小的人

参考例句：

• When the shrimp farm is built it will block the stream.一旦养虾场建起来，将会截断这条河流。
• When it comes to seafood,I like shrimp the best.说到海鲜，我最喜欢虾。

10 applied   

adj.应用的；v.应用，适用

参考例句：

• She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
• This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。