VOA双语新闻 National Historic Landmark Status Endangered

As a former frontier mining camp, Tombstone, Arizona has faced its share of threats and calamities¹ over the years, earning it a reputation as "the town too tough to die." Now the southwestern community is dealing² with an official warning from the U.S. National Park Service, which says Tombstone could lose its designation as a National Historic Landmark³ if it does not depict⁴ its past in a more accurate way.

美国亚利桑纳州有一个小镇，叫作墓碑镇，TOMBSTONE。多年来，墓碑镇经历了种种危难，为自己赢得了“大难不死之镇”的绰号。现在，这个位于西南部的小镇，又受到美国国家公园管理局的警告。这项警告说，墓碑镇必需真实地介绍该镇的历史，否则就会失去其国家历史地标的称号。

Tombstone is best known as the scene of the 1881 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, where Wyatt Earp, his brothers and their friend Doc Holliday had a fatal shootout with a group of cowboys. Each year, some half a million visitors from around the world come to Tombstone to tour its historic downtown of saloons and stagecoaches⁵, pay their respects to fallen frontiersmen at the Boothill Graveyard⁶, and see dramatic reenactments of Old West history.

墓碑镇最为人所知的就是1881年在OK畜栏发生的枪战。当时怀雅特.厄普、他的兄弟以及他们的同党道克.豪乐迪和一伙牛仔之间发生了致命的交火。每年，都会有大约50万来自世界各地的游客来到墓碑镇，游览镇中心的酒吧和驿站马车，在靴山墓地向逝去的那些当年的边疆先民表示敬意，观赏经过重新演绎、栩栩如生的老西部的故事。

But are visitors getting a completely accurate picture of Tombstone's colorful past? The National Park Service has cited numerous violations⁷ of historical authenticity⁸ in Tombstone, including structures that have fake building materials or bear dates suggesting they are older than they really are.

游客们看到的是墓碑镇多姿多彩的过去吗？按照美国国家公园管理局的说法，事实并非如此。美国国家公园管理局列举了墓碑镇大量破坏历史真实性的做法，其中包括采用假建筑材料修建的建筑，或者建筑物上所铭刻的虚假日期误导人们相信，该建筑物是老建筑，而实际上根本没有那么长的建成历史。

James Garrison⁹, Arizona's State Historic Preservation¹⁰ Officer, says this is not the first time officials have demanded that Tombstone correct violations. But he believes there is a bigger issue in the town as well. Tombstone became a historic landmark as an example of a silver mining town, and it has important physical remains¹¹ built after the 1881 gunfight.

亚利桑纳州历史遗迹维护官员詹姆斯.加里森表示，官员们要求墓碑镇改正类似的违规行为，这已经不是第一次了。不过他认为，这个镇子还有一个更大的问题。墓碑镇是以一座当年盛产白银的典型小镇而成为一处历史地标的，而这个镇子还有一些重要的有形历史遗迹是1881年那场枪战后建成的。

"To the tourists, and I think the community leaders, and a lot of the people who gain a livelihood¹² in Tombstone, the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral is the pinnacle¹³ event that draws people to Tombstone, and so there's some desire to restore the town to the point of the gunfight. But at the same time they have a responsibility to preserve the tangible¹⁴ remains of their entire history."

加里森说：“我想对于游客来说，还有对这里的社区领袖以及很多在墓碑镇生活的人们来说，OK畜栏枪战是把游人吸引到墓碑镇的最具传奇色彩的事件。因此，有些人要求把小镇恢复到枪战爆发时的样子。与此同时，他们也有责任维护他们整个历史的真实遗迹。”

But historians and preservationists have a powerful myth to contend with in the form of Hollywood movies like "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral," and "Tombstone." Hollis Cook, a retired¹⁵ superintendent¹⁶ for the Tombstone Courthouse State Historic Park, says movies have made the town synonymous with the story of Wyatt Earp and the O.K. Corral. "As a historian I would argue that the gunfight itself is really not very important historically at all. Nobody came West because of the gunfight… nobody didn't come West because of the gunfight. But because of Hollywood, it's become very important culturally, and we use it to define ourselves."

但是历史学家和传统古迹保护主义者要抗衡的是以好莱坞电影形式表现出来的虚构传奇。比如在《墓碑镇》这部影片中，由科特.拉塞尔饰演的怀雅特.厄普，由一名警长变成了一位未来的企业家。墓碑镇历史研究学者豪利斯.库克表示，那些电影使墓碑镇变成了怀雅特.厄普以及OK畜栏枪战故事的代名词：“作为一名历史学者，我要表明的是，枪战本身从历史的观点来看，真的根本没有那么重要。没有人是因为枪战而来到西部，也没有人由于枪战就不来西部。但是因为好莱坞，枪战在文化层面变得非常重要，所以，我们干脆用这个来介绍、定义自己。”

Hollis Cook argues that there is plenty of drama to be found in the story of silver prospector¹⁷ Ed Schieffelin, who started a mining camp at the Tombstone site in 1877. "Someone told him all you'll ever find over there will be your tombstone, hence the name of the town. And over a period of time millions in 1880 dollars were taken out of the hill over here, and it would amount to billions in today's money. That's really the importance to history of Tombstone."

库克说，有很多戏剧描写的都是探矿先驱埃德.席费林的故事。席费林1877年在墓碑镇开设了第一个采矿营地：“有人曾经告诉他说，‘你在那里能找到的将只有你的墓碑。’这就是这座小镇名字的由来。可是过了一段时间之后，到了1880年的时候，从这儿的小山里，开采出价值成百上千万美元的白银。那些钱现在折合下来有几十亿美元之多。对于墓碑镇的历史来说，这才是真正重要的事件。”

A different perspective comes from Robert Love, whose family has owned the O.K. Corral site since 1963. Even if the gunfight was not a turning point in western history, Mr. Love calls the O.K. Corral saga¹⁸ an "archetype" of bigger themes in America's frontier past. "On the one hand you had the Earps. They were Republicans. They represented big business. On the other hand you had the cowboys. They were ranchers. They were Democrats¹⁹. The cowboys controlled the territory around the town politically, but businesses from the East were trying to come in and make the town a place where capitalism²⁰ could flourish. And these two quite different philosophies met at the O.K. Corral."

罗伯特.拉弗则抱有不同的观点。自从1963年起，他的家庭就一直拥有OK畜栏的遗址。拉弗是“墓碑镇历史性冒险”组织的成员。他认为，即使OK畜栏枪战不是西部历史的转折点，OK畜栏的传奇故事也堪称美国开拓边疆历史这一更大主题的一个原型和缩影。“一方面，我们这里过去有很多厄普式的人物，他们就是今天的共和党人。他们代表了大公司企业。另一方面，我们当年又有牛仔。他们是牧场主，他们算是今天的民主党人。这些牛仔在政治上控制着小镇周围的这片领地，但是来自东部的商业势力试图进入这个地方，把这个小镇变成一个资本主义繁荣昌盛、大行其道的地方。这两种相当不同的哲学理念在OK畜栏相遇，发生了碰撞。”

Mr. Love says Tombstone is also battling dilemmas²¹ faced by other historic American towns. "Competing against I-pods and computer games has become very difficult. You also have to recall that in the 1950s, when Tombstone had its rebirth, half the television programs on primetime were (about) cowboys. Today there are almost no cowboy movies around. And so the town has to try to maintain its history and yet offer things to a younger generation."

拉弗认为，墓碑镇同样在应对美国其它历史上有名的城镇所面临的两难处境：“与I-POD随身听和电脑游戏盛行的现代社会相抗衡变得非常困难。你得回想一下上个世纪50年代的情景。当时墓碑镇再次复兴，黄金时段一半的电视节目都和牛仔有关。但是今天几乎已经没有牛仔电影。所以墓碑镇在保持自己的历史风貌的同时，还要向年轻一代提供一些具有吸引力的东西。”

Even tourists disagree as to whether Tombstone is living up to its fabled²² past. Hermann, who comes from Germany, says this is his second visit to the town, and he's enthusiastic. "This is the original Old West town. It's not the town that's built for show."

至于墓碑镇是否仍然保持着历史的风貌，甚至连游客也有不同的看法。来自德国的游客赫尔曼说，这是他第二次造访这个小镇：“这是原汁原味的西部小镇。而不是为了装模作样，供人游览修建的镇子。”

But Paul McKissack, of Williamsburg, Virginia, complains he finds Tombstone too commercial. "Seeing the streets paved over rather than in dirt, it just gives me the reaction of another tourist trap."

来自维吉尼亚州威廉斯堡的保罗.麦基萨克却觉得墓碑镇商业气息太浓：“看着这儿的街道铺砌一新，而不是原始的土路，就让我觉得，这里不过是又一个蒙骗游客的陷阱。”

There is an added factor in the Tombstone debate, says State Preservation Officer James Garrison, and that is the needs of the local population. Some 1700 people live in Tombstone, and their numbers are growing. "How do you add to the ambience of the town," asks Mr. Garrison, "without creating this unauthentic place? The actual amenities²³ for the local resident are rather few in the historic commercial area. It's almost totally turned over to tourism, and that's part of the issue. Do they still have a real town, or has it become that proverbial Disneyland or Wild West showcase?"

亚利桑纳州历史遗迹维护官员詹姆斯.加里森表示，有关墓碑镇的辩论还有另外一个考虑因素，那就是当地居民的需要。现在墓碑镇有大约1700名居民，而且居民的人数在不断增加。加里森说：“不创建这样一个不大符合历史原貌的地方，怎么能够增添这个小镇的气氛呢？在游人参观的旅游商业地带，可供当地居民休闲生活的东西很少。整个小镇几乎都成为旅游业的天下，这就是问题的部分所在。他们还拥有一个真正的小镇吗？还是这个镇子已经变成众人皆知的迪斯尼乐园，抑或狂野西部的展示窗口？”

Tombstone has until 2007 to comply with National Park Service demands and retain its historic landmark status. As it deals with those demands this year, it will also celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral -- making it a time to consider the competing claims of 19th century history and a 21st century community.

在2007年之前，墓碑镇必须遵照美国国家公园管理局的要求行事，才能够保持它的历史地标地位。今年在应对这些要求的同时，墓碑镇还将庆祝OK畜栏枪战发生125周年。这给墓碑镇的人们提供了一个契机，来思考在保存19世纪的历史和建设21世纪的社区这两种相互冲突的需求方面，如何找出妥善的解决方案。

1 calamities   

n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事

参考例句：

• They will only triumph by persevering in their struggle against natural calamities. 他们只有坚持与自然灾害搏斗，才能取得胜利。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• One moment's false security can bring a century of calamities. 图一时之苟安，贻百年之大患。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

2 dealing   

n.经商方法，待人态度

参考例句：

• This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
• His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。

3 landmark   

n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标

参考例句：

• The Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world history.俄国革命是世界历史上的一个里程碑。
• The tower was once a landmark for ships.这座塔曾是船只的陆标。

4 depict   

vt.描画，描绘；描写，描述

参考例句：

• I don't care to see plays or films that depict murders or violence.我不喜欢看描写谋杀或暴力的戏剧或电影。
• Children's books often depict farmyard animals as gentle,lovable creatures.儿童图书常常把农场的动物描写得温和而可爱。

5 stagecoaches   

n.驿马车( stagecoach的名词复数 )

参考例句：

6 graveyard   

n.坟场

参考例句：

• All the town was drifting toward the graveyard.全镇的人都象流水似地向那坟场涌过去。
• Living next to a graveyard would give me the creeps.居住在墓地旁边会使我毛骨悚然。

7 violations   

违反( violation的名词复数 )； 冒犯； 违反（行为、事例）； 强奸

参考例句：

• This is one of the commonest traffic violations. 这是常见的违反交通规则之例。
• These violations of the code must cease forthwith. 这些违犯法规的行为必须立即停止。

8 authenticity   

n.真实性

参考例句：

• There has been some debate over the authenticity of his will. 对于他的遗嘱的真实性一直有争论。
• The museum is seeking an expert opinion on the authenticity of the painting. 博物馆在请专家鉴定那幅画的真伪。

9 garrison   

n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防

参考例句：

• The troops came to the relief of the besieged garrison.军队来援救被围的守备军。
• The German was moving to stiffen up the garrison in Sicily.德军正在加强西西里守军之力量。

10 preservation   

n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持

参考例句：

• The police are responsible for the preservation of law and order.警察负责维持法律与秩序。
• The picture is in an excellent state of preservation.这幅画保存得极为完好。

11 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

12 livelihood   

n.生计，谋生之道

参考例句：

• Appropriate arrangements will be made for their work and livelihood.他们的工作和生活会得到妥善安排。
• My father gained a bare livelihood of family by his own hands.父亲靠自己的双手勉强维持家计。

13 pinnacle   

n.尖塔，尖顶，山峰；(喻)顶峰

参考例句：

• Now he is at the very pinnacle of his career.现在他正值事业中的顶峰时期。
• It represents the pinnacle of intellectual capability.它代表了智能的顶峰。

14 tangible   

adj.有形的，可触摸的，确凿的，实际的

参考例句：

• The policy has not yet brought any tangible benefits.这项政策还没有带来任何实质性的好处。
• There is no tangible proof.没有确凿的证据。

15 retired   

adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的

参考例句：

• The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
• Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。

16 superintendent   

n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长

参考例句：

• He was soon promoted to the post of superintendent of Foreign Trade.他很快就被擢升为对外贸易总监。
• He decided to call the superintendent of the building.他决定给楼房管理员打电话。

17 prospector   

n.探矿者

参考例句：

• Although he failed as a prospector, he succeeded as a journalist.他作为采矿者遭遇失败，但作为记者大获成功。
• The prospector staked his claim to the mine he discovered.那个勘探者立桩标出他所发现的矿区地以示归己所有。

18 saga   

n.(尤指中世纪北欧海盗的)故事，英雄传奇

参考例句：

• The saga of Flight 19 is probably the most repeated story about the Bermuda Triangle.飞行19中队的传说或许是有关百慕大三角最重复的故事。
• The novel depicts the saga of a family.小说描绘了一个家族的传奇故事。

19 democrats   

n.民主主义者，民主人士( democrat的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The Democrats held a pep rally on Capitol Hill yesterday. 民主党昨天在国会山召开了竞选誓师大会。
• The democrats organize a filibuster in the senate. 民主党党员组织了阻挠议事。 来自《简明英汉词典》

20 capitalism   

n.资本主义

参考例句：

• The essence of his argument is that capitalism cannot succeed.他的论点的核心是资本主义不能成功。
• Capitalism began to develop in Russia in the 19th century.十九世纪资本主义在俄国开始发展。

21 dilemmas   

n.左右为难( dilemma的名词复数 )；窘境，困境

参考例句：

• They dealt with their dilemmas by mixing perhaps unintentionally an explosive brew. 他们――也许是无意地――把爆炸性的佐料混合在一起，以此来应付困难处境。 来自辞典例句
• Ten years later we encountered the same dilemmas in Vietnam. 十年后，我们又在越南遇到了同样进退两难的局面。 来自辞典例句

22 fabled   

adj.寓言中的，虚构的

参考例句：

• For the first week he never actually saw the fabled Jack. 第一周他实际上从没见到传说中的杰克。
• Aphrodite, the Greek goddness of love, is fabled to have been born of the foam of the sea. 希腊爱神阿美罗狄蒂据说是诞生于海浪泡沫之中。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

23 amenities   

n.令人愉快的事物；礼仪；礼节；便利设施；礼仪( amenity的名词复数 )；便利设施；（环境等的）舒适；（性情等的）愉快

参考例句：

• The campsite is close to all local amenities. 营地紧靠当地所有的便利设施。
• Parks and a theatre are just some of the town's local amenities. 公园和戏院只是市镇娱乐设施的一部分。 来自《简明英汉词典》