VOA双语新闻 Security Specialists Seek to Make Internet Sa

Since the Internet emerged a decade ago as a free and accessible global communications network, there have been countless¹ assaults by malicious² computer viruses and numerous attempts by saboteurs to crash the system. The Internet has survived them all. But the future security of the Internet is uncertain.

自从因特网10年以前以一种自由接入的全球通讯网络出现以来，已经遭受了无数次恶意电脑病毒的攻击，无数从事破坏活动的人试图使电脑网络系统崩溃瘫痪。尽管遭到这些攻击，因特网仍然躲过了这些劫难。不过，因特网的未来安全却很不确定。

Most of the hundreds of millions of regular Internet users have become so accustomed to e-mail, quick information and software sharing that they might take for granted the technical wonder of "the Net". But not Jonathan Zittrain. Zittrain is professor of Internet Governance and Regulation at Oxford³ University, and co-founder of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School. He says he is continually impressed by the open-endedness of the Internet.

在经常使用因特网的用户当中，绝大多数人都已经习惯于使用电子邮件，快速的信息交流以及软件共享，他们可能认为这些对于技术奇迹之一的“网络”来说，都是理所应当的事情。但是斯特兰却不是这样认为。斯特兰是牛津大学因特网管理和规则学科的教授，他同时也是哈佛大学法学院伯克曼因特网和社会中心的共同创始人。他说，他一直对因特网的开放印象深刻。

"It is, to me, astounding," he says "to find ourselves with this collective instrumentality where one person or a handful of people, somewhere in the world, maybe for fun or maybe for money, maybe because they want fame, can write some interesting new software that does something new, make it available over the internet, and if it turns out to be popular, before they even know it, tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of people could be running the software in a matter of days."

“对我来说，发现我们自己和这种聚合性的手段紧密相连，实在令人惊奇。世界某个地方的一个人或者一些人，也许他们为了好玩，或者为了金钱，或者因为他们想出名，所以他们可以编写一些有意思的新软件程序，这些软件可以通过因特网使用传播，做一些新的事情。如果这些软件受到欢迎，那么也许在这些编写程序的人意识到之前，上千万或者甚至几亿人可能只需几天的功夫就开始使用这种软件了。”

The problem is that the code in which apparently⁴ desirable software is written can also contain malicious instructions. These types of code are called viruses. They might be designed, for example, to erase⁵ the memory on a personal computer's hard drive, and then to replicate⁶ themselves across the Internet and infect thousands or millions of other computers and servers.

问题在于，编写这些明显很受青睐的软件所用的代码当中，可能也会包含一些恶意的指令。这种类型的代码被称为病毒。举例来说，它们可能被设计用于删除一台个人电脑硬盘驱动器上的记忆数据，然后在因特网上复制自己，进而感染其它成千上万或者数以百万计的电脑和服务器。

Most viruses so far have ranged from the slightly annoying to the moderately destructive. But Zittrain says it seems only a matter of time before a determined⁷ group of programmers will create a virus capable of bringing down hospitals, businesses, governments and other vital institutions throughout the world, and even bring the Internet itself to a halt.

目前，绝大部份的病毒都还只是稍微令人生厌，至多是具有一般程度的破坏性。但是斯特兰表示，一些有意进行破坏的编程人员企图编写一种可能击溃全世界的医院、商业、政府以及其它关键机构的病毒，这种病毒的出现看来只是一个时间的问题。这种病毒甚至可以让因特网本身中止运行。

In his book The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, Zittrain warns of a possible "cyber 9/11," referring to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. Such an attack, he fears, might prompt governments to curb⁸ the accessibility and openness of today's Internet, a move that would undermine, the creativity - what he calls the "generativity" - of the network.

在斯特兰撰写的名为《因特网的未来，如何中断因特网》的书中，他参照2001年9月11日恐怖分子袭击美国的事件，发出了可能发生“网络9/11事件”的警告。他担心，这样一种攻击可能促使各国政府限制今天的因特网所具有的随时接入以及开放的功能。这种举措将破坏他所说的网络创造功能。

"That's why I believe we have to come up with a way to deal with the problem of bad code and bad actors, so as not to put the consumer in the uncomfortable position of having to choose between 'generative but unstable⁹' or 'not generative but reliable.'"

斯特兰说：“这就是为什么我认为我们必须找到一种途径，解决恶意代码以及恶意行为者的问题。不要把消费用户置于一种在‘具备创造功能但是不稳定’或者‘不具创造功能但是可靠’这样一种很不舒服的境地。”

As an alternative, Zittrain recommends that the operational architecture of personal and business computers be divided into "green zones" and "red zones."

作为一种替代的办法，斯特兰建议把个人和商业电脑的运行结构分为“绿区”和“红区”。

Green zones would be specially-fortified operating systems and data storage environments that are very difficult to penetrate¹⁰ or change, which would therefore be more stable and secure. That's where a computer's spreadsheets, payroll¹¹ and medical records and other sensitive data could be safely processed and stored.

绿区将特别加强操作系统以及数据储存环境，让人很难进入或者更改，从而也就更加稳定和安全。这个区域是工资单以及医疗记录和其它敏感数据能够得到安全处理和储存的地方。

"Red zones" would be the riskier¹² computer environments, where Internet browsers¹³ and everyday computer programs would be stored. Zittrain says the green and red zones would be insulated from each other.

“红区”则是危险性更大的电脑环境，那里有因特网浏览者以及日新月异的程序。斯特兰表示，绿区和红区将会彼此隔离。

"And the idea would be that nothing that happens in red mode can corrupt¹⁴ what's in the green mode of the machine." He acknowledges that these are novel architectures "but they might offer some path forward."

“在红色模式下发生的一切，没有什么会破坏影响到在绿色模式下运行的电脑。这些是新的结构，但是它们可能会提供一些面向未来解决问题的路径。”

But others, like David Isenberg, a professor at the Harvard Law School's Berkman Center for Internet and Society and the author of The Rise of the Stupid Network, worry that dividing computers into red and green zones could prevent new software being freely developed, shared and widely tested by the general online community.

但是有些人担心，红区和绿区的想法可能会阻碍网络的创造性， 因为这种创造性依赖于新的软件被整个网上世界自由地开发、分享和测试。在哈佛大学法学院伯克曼因特网和社会中心任教的艾森伯格是《愚蠢网络的兴起》一书的作者。

"The problem is the people in the red zone are very different than the people in the green zone," he says. "The edgy¹⁵ 'internauts' who are out there exploring what might be illegal or dangerous might actually not provide a good market test for Mr. and Mrs. Generic¹⁶ Vanilla¹⁷ internet user."

他说：“问题是红区的人和绿区的人非常不同。所谓的‘网络探索者’，也就是程序开发者们紧张不安，总在研究什么可能是非法的或者是危险的。他们可能不会为普通的因特网用户提供一个良好的市场测试。程序开发者和用户之间可能会完全脱节。”

One very controversial idea for preventing a "cyber 9/11" would be to establish licensing¹⁸ requirements for the computer industry. The people who want to write code and sell software would need to be licensed¹⁹, just like doctors, lawyers and other professionals, by a federal or state regulatory agency. Private software companies such as Microsoft, Apple and Sun would make operating systems that only run pre-approved software.

防止“网络9/11事件”发生的一个非常具有争议性的想法可能是对电脑行业建立更严格的获得许可的标准和要求。希望编写代码程序、销售软件的人要从联邦或者州有关管理机构获得执照许可，就象医生、律师和其他专业人士那样。诸如微软、苹果和太阳等软件公司的操作系统，只能使用获得批准的软件。

But Isenberg believes the best strategy for preventing future virus attacks and Internet sabotage²⁰ is not to tighten²¹ the screws but to encourage more diversity in the computer world. He points to the fact that computer viruses are designed to attack specific operating systems. More than 90 percent of the world's personal computers use the same, relatively²² vulnerable operating system, Microsoft's Windows.

但是艾森伯格认为，防止病毒袭击和因特网破坏活动的最佳策略不是上紧螺丝，而是鼓励电脑世界有更丰富的多样性。他指出这样的事实：设计电脑病毒是为了攻击特定的操作系统。世界上90%以上的个人电脑使用的是同样的、相对来说易受攻击的操作系统，即微软视窗系统。

"I have nothing against Microsoft," he explains, "but I would also like to see more Macintosh systems, more Linux systems and maybe two or three other kinds of operating systems as well. That's the strongest, surest defense²³ against having one virus wiping out all the Internet terminals."

艾森伯格说：“我一点也不是要反对微软，但是我也希望看到更多的麦金塔系统，更多的莱纳克斯系统，可能还有两三种其它种类的操作系统。这是防止病毒蔓延到整个因特网终端最有力、最保险的手段。”

However the line between openness and security on the Internet is drawn²⁴, one thing is certain. As millions more people around the world discover the power and value of the Internet for commerce, entertainment and the exchange of knowledge, the specter of sabotage and the challenge of security will grow as well.

尽管如此，因特网的开放性和安全之间划下了一道界限，这一点是肯定的。随着世界各地的人们发现了因特网对商业、娱乐以及知识交流的巨大威力和价值，破坏的幽灵越来越可怕， 因特网安全也面临着更大的挑战。
 
 

1 countless   

adj.无数的，多得不计其数的

参考例句：

• In the war countless innocent people lost their lives.在这场战争中无数无辜的人丧失了性命。
• I've told you countless times.我已经告诉你无数遍了。

2 malicious   

adj.有恶意的，心怀恶意的

参考例句：

• You ought to kick back at such malicious slander. 你应当反击这种恶毒的污蔑。
• Their talk was slightly malicious.他们的谈话有点儿心怀不轨。

3 Oxford   

n.牛津（英国城市）

参考例句：

• At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
• This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。

4 apparently   

adv.显然地；表面上，似乎

参考例句：

• An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽，豁然开朗。
• He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。

5 erase   

v.擦掉；消除某事物的痕迹

参考例句：

• He tried to erase the idea from his mind.他试图从头脑中抹掉这个想法。
• Please erase my name from the list.请把我的名字从名单上擦去。

6 replicate   

v.折叠，复制，模写；n.同样的样品；adj.转折的

参考例句：

• The DNA of chromatin must replicate before cell division.染色质DNA在细胞分裂之前必须复制。
• It is also easy to replicate,as the next subsection explains.就像下一个小节详细说明的那样，它还可以被轻易的复制。

7 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

8 curb   

n.场外证券市场，场外交易；vt.制止，抑制

参考例句：

• I could not curb my anger.我按捺不住我的愤怒。
• You must curb your daughter when you are in church.你在教堂时必须管住你的女儿。

9 unstable   

adj.不稳定的，易变的

参考例句：

• This bookcase is too unstable to hold so many books.这书橱很不结实，装不了这么多书。
• The patient's condition was unstable.那患者的病情不稳定。

10 penetrate   

v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解

参考例句：

• Western ideas penetrate slowly through the East.西方观念逐渐传入东方。
• The sunshine could not penetrate where the trees were thickest.阳光不能透入树木最浓密的地方。

11 payroll   

n.工资表，在职人员名单，工薪总额

参考例句：

• His yearly payroll is $1.2 million.他的年薪是120万美元。
• I can't wait to get my payroll check.我真等不及拿到我的工资单了。

12 riskier   

冒险的，危险的( risky的比较级 )

参考例句：

• Now they are starting to demand higher returns on riskier assets. 而今他们开始在风险更高的资产上要求更高的回报。
• The problem with that: RIM's business is getting riskier every quarter. 不过问题也随之而来：RIM面临的业务风险正逐季增大。

13 browsers   

浏览器

参考例句：

• Three-layer architecture is a model made up of browser, web server and background database server. 这种体系结构是由Browser、Web Server、Database Server组成的浏览器／Web服务器／后台数据库服务器三层模型。 来自互联网
• Another excellent approach is to abandon the browser entirely and, instead, create a non-browser-based, Internet-enabled application. 另一个非常好的方法是干脆放弃浏览器，取而代之，创建一个不基于浏览器，但却是基于互联网的应用。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

14 corrupt   

v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的

参考例句：

• The newspaper alleged the mayor's corrupt practices.那家报纸断言市长有舞弊行为。
• This judge is corrupt.这个法官贪污。

15 edgy   

adj.不安的；易怒的

参考例句：

• She's been a bit edgy lately,waiting for the exam results.她正在等待考试结果，所以最近有些焦躁不安。
• He was nervous and edgy, still chain-smoking.他紧张不安，还在一根接一根地抽着烟。

16 generic   

adj.一般的，普通的，共有的

参考例句：

• I usually buy generic clothes instead of name brands.我通常买普通的衣服，不买名牌。
• The generic woman appears to have an extraordinary faculty for swallowing the individual.一般妇女在婚后似乎有特别突出的抑制个性的能力。

17 vanilla   

n.香子兰，香草

参考例句：

• He used to love milk flavoured with vanilla.他过去常爱喝带香草味的牛奶。
• I added a dollop of vanilla ice-cream to the pie.我在馅饼里加了一块香草冰激凌。

18 licensing   

v.批准，许可，颁发执照( license的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• A large part of state regulation consists of occupational licensing. 大部分州的管理涉及行业的特许批准。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
• That licensing procedures for projects would move faster. 这样的工程批准程序一定会加快。 来自辞典例句

19 licensed   

adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词)

参考例句：

• The new drug has not yet been licensed in the US. 这种新药尚未在美国获得许可。
• Is that gun licensed? 那支枪有持枪执照吗？

20 sabotage   

n.怠工，破坏活动，破坏；v.从事破坏活动，妨害，破坏

参考例句：

• They tried to sabotage my birthday party.他们企图破坏我的生日晚会。
• The fire at the factory was caused by sabotage.那家工厂的火灾是有人蓄意破坏引起的。

21 tighten   

v.(使)变紧；(使)绷紧

参考例句：

• Turn the screw to the right to tighten it.向右转动螺钉把它拧紧。
• Some countries tighten monetary policy to avoid inflation.一些国家实行紧缩银根的货币政策，以避免通货膨胀。

22 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

23 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

24 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。