英语小达人 394 Da Vinci-Observation

　　Da Vinci-Observation

　　观察

　　To paint a character from the Bible, for an old man, a beggar, or a shepherd, he would go to the public square and the drinking dens¹, where he would be mostlikely to meet such persons. And he would draw a type or an animal from observation a hundred times before turning to his picture to fix it there for all time. He is said to have brought home peasants from the market and got them drunk in order to draw them. At the same time he was looking for laws; while studying the facial traits, he recorded the transitions in the closing and opening of the eyelid², the wrinkling of the nose, the pouting³ of the lips, in laughing, sneezing, yawning, cramps⁴, perspiration⁵, weariness, hunger-always he looked for the cause behind the expression which he was painting.

　　为了画好取自《圣经》的人物，老人、乞丐，或是牧羊人，达·芬奇总跑到那些公共广场和酒吧去。他在那里大概可以遇见这类人物。他总是把观察到的人物或动物画个上百次，才永久地固定在画布上。据说他为了画农民，曾把集市上的农民带到家里，让他们喝醉，再作画。同时，达·芬奇也在寻找规律。他在研究面部特征时，便记录眼睑开合、鼻子折皱、撅嘴、大笑、打喷嚏、打呵欠、痉挛、流汗、疲倦、饥饿等时候的过度变化——达·芬奇总是在探究被他描画的表情背后的原因。

1 dens   

n.牙齿，齿状部分；兽窝( den的名词复数 )；窝点；休息室；书斋

参考例句：

• Female bears tend to line their dens with leaves or grass. 母熊往往会在洞穴里垫些树叶或草。 来自辞典例句
• In winter bears usually hibernate in their dens. 冬天熊通常在穴里冬眠。 来自辞典例句

2 eyelid   

n.眼睑，眼皮

参考例句：

• She lifted one eyelid to see what he was doing.她抬起一只眼皮看看他在做什么。
• My eyelid has been tumid since yesterday.从昨天起，我的眼皮就肿了。

3 pouting   

v.撅（嘴）( pout的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• The child sat there pouting. 那孩子坐在那儿，一副不高兴的样子。 来自辞典例句
• She was almost pouting at his hesitation. 她几乎要为他这种犹犹豫豫的态度不高兴了。 来自辞典例句

4 cramps   

n. 抽筋, 腹部绞痛, 铁箍 adj. 狭窄的, 难解的 v. 使...抽筋, 以铁箍扣紧, 束缚

参考例句：

• If he cramps again let the line cut him off. 要是它再抽筋，就让这钓索把它勒断吧。
• "I have no cramps." he said. “我没抽筋，"他说。

5 perspiration   

n.汗水；出汗

参考例句：

• It is so hot that my clothes are wet with perspiration.天太热了，我的衣服被汗水湿透了。
• The perspiration was running down my back.汗从我背上淌下来。