Karl Marx's Funeral 在马克思墓前的讲话

 

 

导言阅读

弗里德里希·恩格斯（1820—1895），德国理论家及作家，马克思主义的创始人之一，马克思的亲密战友，国际无产阶级运动的领袖。恩格斯1820年11月28日生于普鲁士莱茵省马门市一个纺织工厂主家庭。由于恩格斯刻苦学习，到了20岁，他已经掌握了英、法、意、西班牙、希腊、拉丁等十几种外语。恩格斯是卡尔·马克思的挚友，被誉为“第二提琴手”，他为马克思创立马克思主义提供了大量经济上的支持，在马克思逝世后，帮助马克思完成了未完成的《资本论》等著作，并且领导国际工人运动。1895年8月5日，弗里德里希·恩格斯在伦敦与世长辞。本篇为恩格斯在马克思墓前的讲话。

演讲实录

On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceasedto think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found himin his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep — but forever.

An immeasurable loss has been sustained both by the militant¹ proletariat of Europe andAmerica, and by historical science, in the death of this man. The gap that has been left by thedeparture of this mighty² spirit will soon enough make itself felt.

Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered thelaw of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed³ by an overgrowth ofideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursuepolitics, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate⁴ material meansof subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained⁵ by a given peopleor during a given epoch⁶ form the foundation upon which the state institutions , the legalconceptions , art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, andin the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice⁷ versa, as had hitherto beenthe case.

But that is not all. Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present-daycapitalist mode of production and the bourgeois⁸ society that this mode of production has created.

The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which allprevious investigations⁹, of both bourgeois economists¹⁰ and socialist¹¹ critics, had been groping in thedark.

Two such discoveries would be enough for one lifetime. Happy the man to whom it isgranted to make even one such discovery. But in every single field which Marx investigated —and he investigated very many fields, none of them superficially — in every field, even in that ofmathematics, he made independent discoveries.

Such was the man of science. But this was not even half the man. Science was for Marx ahistorically dynamic, revolutionary force. However great the joy with which he welcomed a newdiscovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quiteimpossible to envisage¹² , he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involvedimmediate revolutionary changes in industry and in historical development in general. Forexample, he followed closely the development of the discoveries made in the field of electricityand recently those of Marcel Deprez.

For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. His real mission in life was to contribute, in oneway or another, to the overthrow¹³ of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it hadbrought into being, to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat, which he was the firstto make conscious of its own position and its needs, conscious of the conditions of itsemancipation. Fighting was his element. And he fought with a passion, a tenacity¹⁴ and a successsuch as few could rival. His work on the first Rheinische Zeitung (1842), the Paris Vorwrts (1844),Brsseler Deutsche Zeitung (1847), the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49), the New York Tribune(1852-61), and in addition to these a host of militant pamphlets, work in organisations in Paris,Brussels and London, and finally, crowning all, the formation of the great International WorkingMen's Association — this was indeed an achievement of which its founder¹⁶ might well have beenproud even if he had done nothing else.

And, consequently, Marx was the best- hated and most calumniated¹⁷ man of his time.

Governments, both absolutist and republican, deported¹⁹ him from their territories . Bourgeois,whether conservative or ultra-democratic, vied with one another in heaping slanders²⁰ upon him. Allthis he brushed aside as though it were cobweb, ignoring it, answering only when extremenecessity compelled him. And he died beloved, revered²¹ and mourned by millions ofrevolutionary fellow-workers — from the mines of Siberia to California, in all parts of Europeand America — and I make bold to say that though he may have had many opponents he hadhardly one personal enemy.

His name will endure through the ages, and so also will his work!

参考译文

3月14日下午两点三刻，当代最伟大的思想家停止思想了。将他一个人留在房里还不到两分钟，等我们再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了——但已经是永远地睡着了。

这个人的逝世，对于欧美战斗着的无产阶级，对于历史科学，都是不可估量的损失。

这位巨人逝世以后所形成的空白，不久就会让人感觉到。

正像达尔文发现有机界的发展规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来为纷繁芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等；所以，直接的物质的生活资料的生产，一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展阶段，便构成基础。人们的国家制度、法的观点、艺术以至宗教观念，就是从这个基础上发展起来的，因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不是像过去那样正好相反。

不仅如此。马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。由于剩余价值的发现，这里就豁然开朗了，而先前无论资产阶级经济学家或者社会主义批评家所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。

一生中能有这样两个发现，该是很够了。即使只能作出一个这样的发现，也已经是幸福的了。但是马克思在他所研究的每一个领域，甚至在数学领域都有独到的发现，这样的领域是很多的，而且其中任何一个领域他都不是肤浅地研究的。

他作为科学家就是这样。但是这在他身上远不是主要的。在马克思看来，科学是一种在历史上起推动作用的、革命的力量。任何一门理论科学中的每一个新发现——它的实际应用也许还根本无法预见——都使马克思感到衷心喜悦，但是当有了立即会对工业、对一般历史发展产生革命影响的发现的时候，他的喜悦就非同寻常了。例如，他曾经密切地关注电学方面各种发现的发展情况，不久以前，他还关注了马赛尔·德普勒的发现。

因为马克思首先是一个革命家。他毕生的真正使命，就是以这种或那种方式参加推翻资本主义社会及其所建立的国家制度的事业，参加现代无产阶级的解放事业，正是他第一次使现代无产阶级意识到本身的地位和需要，意识到本身解放的条件。斗争是他的生命要素。而他进行斗争的热烈、顽强和卓有成效，是很少见的。最早的《莱茵报》（1842年），巴黎的《前进报》（1844年），《德意志—布鲁塞尔报》（1847年），《新莱茵报》（1848-1849年），《纽约每日论坛报》（1852--1861年），以及许多富有战斗性的小册子，在巴黎、布鲁塞尔和伦敦各组织中的工作，最后，作为全部活动的顶峰，创立伟大的国际工人协会——老实说，协会的这位创始人即使别的什么也没有做，也可以为这一成果自豪。

正因为这样，所以马克思是当代最遭嫉恨和最受诬蔑的人。各国政府——无论专制政府或共和政府，都驱逐他；资本家——无论保守派或极端民主派，都竞相诽谤他，诅咒他。他对这一切毫不在意，把它们当作蛛丝一样轻轻抹去，只是在万分必要时才给予答复。现在他逝世了，在整个欧洲和美洲，从西伯利亚矿井到加利福尼亚，千百万革命战友无不对他表示尊敬、爱戴和悼念，而我敢大胆地说：他可能有过许多敌人，但未必有一个私敌。

他的英名和事业将永垂不朽！

Vocabulary Bank

1. cease ［si:s ］v 停止，中止

The officer ordered his men to cease fire.

长官命令士兵停火。

2. militant ［'milit?nt ］adj 用武力或高压的，好战的The strikers were in a militant mood.

罢工者群情激奋。

3. proletariat ［?pr?ule't??ri?t ］n 无产阶级，（尤指）工人阶级The dictatorship of the proletariat is one of the aims of Communism.

无产阶级专政是共产主义的目标之一。

4. overgrowth ［'?uv?ɡr?uθ ］n 生长太快，生长过度Overgrowth is common in adolescents.

青少年成长过快是普遍现象。

5. institution ［?insti'tju:??n ］n 慈善机关，社会福利机构（如孤儿院，养老院）They were living in an institution.

他们都住在收容所。

6. conception ［k?n'sep??n ］n （主意或计划的）构思，设想The new play is a brilliant conception.

这出新剧真了不起。

7. bourgeois ［bu?'?wɑ: ］adj 资产阶级的，中产阶级的，追求物质享受的They've become very bourgeois since they got married.

他们结婚后就一味追求物质享受了。

8. superficial ［sju:p?'fi??l ］adj 缺乏深度的，停留在表面的You're too superficial to appreciate great literature like this.

你太肤浅了，无法欣赏这类文学巨著。

9. theoretical ［θi?'retik?l ］adj 理论的，理论上的This book is too theoretical, I need a practical guide.

这本书理论性太强，我需要一本实用手册。

10. envisage ［in'vizi?, en'vizi? ］v 展望，想象Nobody can envisage the consequences of total nuclear war.

没人能想象出全面核战争的后果。

11. tenacious²² ［ti'nei??s ］adj 不放松的，坚决的She is tenacious in defense²³ of her rights.

她坚决维护自己的权利。

12. organisation¹⁵ ［??:ɡ?ni'zei??n ］n 组织，机构，系统The human body has a very complex organization.

人体是个非常复杂的机体。

13. deport¹⁸ ［di'p?:t ］v 将（外国人，罪犯等）驱逐出境He was convicted of drug offences and deported.

他被判犯有毒品罪而遭驱逐出境。

14. territory ［'terit?ri ］n （个人，团体或动物占据的）领域He seems to regard that end of the office as his territory.

他把办公室的那一头看成是他的地盘。

15. revolutionary ［'rev?'lu:??n?ri ］adj 彻底改变的，重大变革的Genetic²⁴ engineering will have revolutionary consequences for mankind.

遗传工程将对人类产生深远的影响。

Language Guide

Darwin

查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文

查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文，英国生物学家，进化论的奠基人。曾乘贝格尔号舰进行了历时5年的环球航行，对动植物和地质结构等进行了大量的观察和采集。出版《物种起源》这一划时代的著作，提出了生物进化论学说，从而摧毁了各种唯心的神造论和物种不变论。除了生物学外，他的理论对人类学、心理学、哲学的发展都有不容忽视的影响。恩格斯将“进化论”列为19世纪自然科学的三大发现之一。

Marx

卡尔·亨利希·马克思

卡尔·亨利希·马克思（1818—1883），马克思主义的创始人，第一国际的组织者和领导者，全世界无产阶级和劳动人民的伟大导师、政治家、哲学家、经济学家、革命理论家。

马克思最广为人知的哲学理论是他对于人类历史进程中阶级斗争的分析。他认为这几千年来，人类发展史上最大矛盾与问题就在于不同阶级的利益掠夺与斗争。依据历史唯物论，马克思大胆地假设，资本主义终将被共产主义取代。

Marcel Deprez

马赛尔·德普勒

法国著名物理学家，1882年架设了从米斯巴赫到慕尼黑的第一条实验性输电线路。这一项归属于技术创新的开发工作，推动了产业革命。

Grammar Master

1. 英语中倒装句用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种：完全倒装和部分倒装。完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前（是整个谓语动词，而非助动词）。

例　In came the teacher and the class began.

老师走了进来，然后开始上课。

例　There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.

远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。

部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词等）放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。

例　Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about.

疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活。

例　Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.

小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。

原文中的例句是典型的完全倒装句。当主语是代词，谓语是系动词，表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用完全倒装句，起强调作用。

例　Lucky is he who has been enrolled²⁵ into a famous university.

他真幸运，被一所名牌大学录取了。

例　Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians²⁶ entertains the audiencewith word play.

中国典型的艺术表演是相声，两个喜剧演员通过文字游戏逗乐观众。

2. since，for，because，now that，as都可解释为“因为，由于，既然”，但它们的语气与用法各不相同，需要注意区别。since表示“既然”，语气较弱，强调已知的事实。

例　Since you can't answer the question, I'll ask someone else.

既然你回答不出这个问题，我就问别人了。

for是并列连词，表示推断的原因，或对前一分句补充说明理由。

例　It must be morning for the birds are singing.

一定是清晨了，因为鸟儿在叫。

because意为“因为”，通常表示直接的原因。because引导的从句表示直接而明确的原因和理由，表示按因果关系的推断，语气很强，用来回答why引导的问题，一般位于主句之后。

例　We couldn't go out because it was too cold.

因为天气太冷，我们不能外出。

now that表示“既然”，同since相似，语气较弱，强调人们已知的事实。

例　Now that you are busy, let me do it for you.

既然你忙，就让我给你做吧。

as意为“因为、由于”，语气比because弱，所引导的从句表示的是不言而喻、显而易见的原因和理由，其从句一般放在主句前。

例　As it was late, we came back soon.

由于时间很晚了，我们很快就回来了。

1 militant   

adj.激进的，好斗的；n.激进分子，斗士

参考例句：

• Some militant leaders want to merge with white radicals.一些好斗的领导人要和白人中的激进派联合。
• He is a militant in the movement.他在那次运动中是个激进人物。

2 mighty   

adj.强有力的；巨大的

参考例句：

• A mighty force was about to break loose.一股巨大的力量即将迸发而出。
• The mighty iceberg came into view.巨大的冰山出现在眼前。

3 concealed   

a.隐藏的，隐蔽的

参考例句：

• The paintings were concealed beneath a thick layer of plaster. 那些画被隐藏在厚厚的灰泥层下面。
• I think he had a gun concealed about his person. 我认为他当时身上藏有一支枪。

4 immediate   

adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的

参考例句：

• His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
• We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。

5 attained   

（通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况）

参考例句：

• She has attained the degree of Master of Arts. 她已获得文学硕士学位。
• Lu Hsun attained a high position in the republic of letters. 鲁迅在文坛上获得崇高的地位。

6 epoch   

n.(新)时代；历元

参考例句：

• The epoch of revolution creates great figures.革命时代造就伟大的人物。
• We're at the end of the historical epoch,and at the dawn of another.我们正处在一个历史时代的末期，另一个历史时代的开端。

7 vice   

n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的

参考例句：

• He guarded himself against vice.他避免染上坏习惯。
• They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。

8 bourgeois   

adj./n.追求物质享受的(人)；中产阶级分子

参考例句：

• He's accusing them of having a bourgeois and limited vision.他指责他们像中产阶级一样目光狭隘。
• The French Revolution was inspired by the bourgeois.法国革命受到中产阶级的鼓励。

9 investigations   

（正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究

参考例句：

• His investigations were intensive and thorough but revealed nothing. 他进行了深入彻底的调查，但没有发现什么。
• He often sent them out to make investigations. 他常常派他们出去作调查。

10 economists   

n.经济学家，经济专家( economist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The sudden rise in share prices has confounded economists. 股价的突然上涨使经济学家大惑不解。
• Foreign bankers and economists cautiously welcomed the minister's initiative. 外国银行家和经济学家对部长的倡议反应谨慎。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 socialist   

n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的

参考例句：

• China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.中国是一个社会主义国家，也是一个发展中国家。
• His father was an ardent socialist.他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。

12 envisage   

v.想象，设想，展望，正视

参考例句：

• Nobody can envisage the consequences of total nuclear war.没有人能够想像全面核战争的后果。
• When do you envisage being able to pay me back?你看你什么时候能还我钱？

13 overthrow   

v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆

参考例句：

• After the overthrow of the government,the country was in chaos.政府被推翻后，这个国家处于混乱中。
• The overthrow of his plans left him much discouraged.他的计划的失败使得他很气馁。

14 tenacity   

n.坚韧

参考例句：

• Tenacity is the bridge to success.坚韧是通向成功的桥。
• The athletes displayed great tenacity throughout the contest.运动员在比赛中表现出坚韧的斗志。

15 organisation   

n.组织，安排，团体，有机休

参考例句：

• The method of his organisation work is worth commending.他的组织工作的方法值得称道。
• His application for membership of the organisation was rejected.他想要加入该组织的申请遭到了拒绝。

16 Founder   

n.创始者，缔造者

参考例句：

• He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school.他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
• According to the old tradition,Romulus was the founder of Rome.按照古老的传说，罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。

17 calumniated   

v.诽谤，中伤( calumniate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Countless facts have proved that he was not calumniated. 无数事实已证明他并不是被人诽谤。 来自辞典例句
• And, consequently, Mark was the best hated and most Calumniated man of his time. 也正因为如此，马克思才在自己所处的时代最遭嫉恨。最受诽谤。 来自互联网

18 deport   

vt.驱逐出境

参考例句：

• We deport aliens who slip across our borders.我们把偷渡入境的外国人驱逐出境。
• More than 240 England football fans are being deported from Italy following riots last night.昨晚的骚乱发生后有240多名英格兰球迷被驱逐出意大利。

19 deported   

v.将…驱逐出境( deport的过去式和过去分词 )；举止

参考例句：

• They stripped me of my citizenship and deported me. 他们剥夺我的公民资格，将我驱逐出境。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The convicts were deported to a deserted island. 罪犯们被流放到一个荒岛。 来自《简明英汉词典》

20 slanders   

诽谤，诋毁( slander的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• We condemn all sorts of slanders. 我们谴责一切诽谤中伤的言论。
• All slanders and libels should be repudiated. 一切诬蔑不实之词，应予推倒。

21 revered   

v.崇敬，尊崇，敬畏( revere的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• A number of institutions revered and respected in earlier times have become Aunt Sally for the present generation. 一些早年受到尊崇的惯例，现在已经成了这代人嘲弄的对象了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Chinese revered corn as a gift from heaven. 中国人将谷物奉为上天的恩赐。 来自辞典例句

22 tenacious   

adj.顽强的，固执的，记忆力强的，粘的

参考例句：

• We must learn from the tenacious fighting spirit of Lu Xun.我们要学习鲁迅先生韧性的战斗精神。
• We should be tenacious of our rights.我们应坚决维护我们的权利。

23 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

24 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

25 enrolled   

adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起

参考例句：

• They have been studying hard from the moment they enrolled. 从入学时起，他们就一直努力学习。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He enrolled with an employment agency for a teaching position. 他在职业介绍所登了记以谋求一个教师的职位。 来自《简明英汉词典》

26 comedians   

n.喜剧演员，丑角( comedian的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The voice was rich, lordly, Harvardish, like all the boring radio comedians'imitations. 声音浑厚、威严，俨然是哈佛出身的气派，就跟无线电里所有的滑稽演员叫人已经听腻的模仿完全一样。 来自辞典例句
• He distracted them by joking and imitating movie and radio comedians. 他用开玩笑的方法或者模仿电影及广播中的滑稽演员来对付他们。 来自辞典例句