侏罗纪搏击俱乐部 第52期:恐龙骨头为何会汇集在一起?

 The excavation¹ uncovered one set of remains², then another, then another.

挖掘工作发现了一具骨骸之后又一具之后再一具。

Soon, they had thousands of bones from multiple species.

很快就有了来自多个物种的数千块骨头。

The Cleveland Lloyd quarry³ is absolutely one of the most remarkable⁴ fossil sites in the world.

克利夫兰劳埃德石场绝对是世界上最了不起的化石地点之一。

Over 15,000 individual bones have come out of this quarry.

这片石场出土了一万五千多块骨头。

Paleontologists think that's not even half the amount of bones that are still buried in the ground.

古生物学家们认为这还不到地下仍然埋藏着的骨化石的一半。

It's an amazing site, but one of the first things have to ask is, why are so many bones from so many different kinds of dinosaurs⁵ assembled in that one location?

这是个绝妙的地方，不过要问的第一个问题是为什么这么多种不同种类恐龙的这么多骨头会汇集在一个地点呢？

Thousands of bones lay scattered⁶ across an area no more than a mile across.

整片地方散布着数千块骨头覆盖半径超过一公里半。

Then, another revelation.

然后是另一个启示。

Of the bones found at the site, almost every herbivore bone recovered showed signs of being crushed, broken and bitten.

在石场发现的骨头里，几乎每块植食动物的骨头上都有被压碎、断裂和被咬过的痕迹。

Deep gashes⁷ in some bones.

有些骨头上有深深的沟痕。

Others had been somehow pulverized⁸.

其它的都有一定程度的碎裂。

They needed to explain why all of these dinosaurs had perished at this one site.

需要解释的是为什么这些恐龙都死在这个地方。

The paleontologists first employed a scientific approach called taphonomy.

古生物学家首选使用的科学方法叫做埋葬学。

Taphonomy is basically looking at what happened to a fossil from the time of death of an animal until it actually is buried and fossilized.

埋葬学基本上是研究古生物从死亡到被埋葬成为化石而被保存下来的学科。

And taphonomy is basically a technique for understanding what lead to the death and burial of the animal or the plant itself.

埋葬学基本上就是一种用来了解动物或植物死亡和被埋原因的技术。

So we can get a tremendous amount of information just by being careful in how we excavate⁹ our sites,

所以我们只要在进行挖掘的时候细心就能获得非常多的信息，

because that gives us clues about what happens leading up to the death of that animal.

这会给我们带来相关线索发现导致该动物死亡的事件。

Taphonomy evidence revealed that the site was once a freshwater lakebed.

埋葬学证据揭示了该地点原来是淡水湖床。

During times of extreme drought, the water levels in a lake can shrink pretty rapidly.

在极度干旱期间，湖中水位能迅速下降。

As they shrink, what happens is the upper layer of mud sort of becomes dry, when underneath¹⁰, it remains pretty wet and sticky.

随着水位下降，湖泥的表层就会变干而下面仍然又湿又粘。

So as animals walk out across this to get to the water and get a drink, they get stuck.

所以当动物从上面走过去到水边喝水时就会被困住。

Their weight causes them to crack through the upper crust and that's when they get stuck and they're not gonna get out.

它们的重量会压碎表层硬壳而一旦被困住，它们就无法脱身。

It was the first vital clue.

这是第一个重要线索。

This prehistoric¹¹ death trap was once a lakebed.

这个史前死亡陷阱曾是一片湖床。

Many species would have come to drink here.

很多种动物会来此饮水。

Then, another breakthrough.

然后又有了突破性进展。

Scientists identified one of the dinosaurs.

科学家们鉴别出来其中一种恐龙。

It was one of the most distinctive¹² of the Jurassic period - Stegosaurus.

侏罗纪时期最标志性的恐龙之一剑龙。

1 excavation   

n.挖掘，发掘；被挖掘之地

参考例句：

• The bad weather has hung up the work of excavation.天气不好耽误了挖掘工作。
• The excavation exposed some ancient ruins.这次挖掘暴露出一些古遗迹。

2 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

3 quarry   

n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找

参考例句：

• Michelangelo obtained his marble from a quarry.米开朗基罗从采石场获得他的大理石。
• This mountain was the site for a quarry.这座山曾经有一个采石场。

4 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

5 dinosaurs   

n.恐龙( dinosaur的名词复数 )；守旧落伍的人，过时落后的东西

参考例句：

• The brontosaurus was one of the largest of all dinosaurs. 雷龙是所有恐龙中最大的一种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. 恐龙绝种已有几百万年了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 scattered   

adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的

参考例句：

• Gathering up his scattered papers,he pushed them into his case.他把散乱的文件收拾起来，塞进文件夹里。

7 gashes   

n.深长的切口（或伤口）( gash的名词复数 )v.划伤，割破( gash的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The classmates' hearts ached for him and they begged him to wear gloves to prevent any more gashes. 同学们都心疼他，劝他干活时戴上手套，免得再弄破手。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He stripped himself, and I counted twenty-seven separate scars and gashes. 他脱去衣服，我在他身上数出了二十七处瘢痕和深深的伤口。 来自辞典例句

8 pulverized   

adj.[医]雾化的，粉末状的v.将…弄碎( pulverize的过去式和过去分词 )；将…弄成粉末或尘埃；摧毁；粉碎

参考例句：

• We pulverized the opposition. 我们彻底击败了对手。
• He pulverized the opposition with the force of his oratory. 他能言善辩把对方驳得体无完肤。 来自辞典例句

9 excavate   

vt.挖掘，挖出

参考例句：

• They plan to excavate a large hole.他们计划挖个大洞。
• A new Danish expedition is again excavating the site in annual summer digs.一支新的丹麦探险队又在那个遗址上进行一年一度的夏季挖掘。

10 underneath   

adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面

参考例句：

• Working underneath the car is always a messy job.在汽车底下工作是件脏活。
• She wore a coat with a dress underneath.她穿着一件大衣，里面套着一条连衣裙。

11 prehistoric   

adj.（有记载的）历史以前的，史前的，古老的

参考例句：

• They have found prehistoric remains.他们发现了史前遗迹。
• It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment.这儿倒像是在展览古老的电子设备。

12 distinctive   

adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的

参考例句：

• She has a very distinctive way of walking.她走路的样子与别人很不相同。
• This bird has several distinctive features.这个鸟具有几种突出的特征。