15篇文章贯通六级词汇Unit09-Part1

[00:00.00]UNIT9
[00:13.00]Chinese-American Relations: A History(Ⅱ)
[00:17.38]The Cold War to the Present
[00:19.57]The Cold War
[00:21.20]After the war, a new war
[00:24.49]of international tension, intrigue¹
[00:26.89]and political posturing², called the Cold War,
[00:29.20]forced the U.S. to scrap³
[00:31.16]any thoughts of the false comforts
[00:33.13]of official isolation⁴. It joined
[00:35.98]the United Nations (UN) and other
[00:38.49]international organizations, such as
[00:40.68]the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
[00:42.87]the International Monetary⁵ Fund (IMF),
[00:46.04]and the General Agreement on Tariff⁶
[00:48.67]and Trade (GATT). It was determined⁷
[00:50.96]to play a major, if not
[00:52.61]dominant role, in post war
[00:54.36]international affairs. The world
[00:56.87]was the stage for intense rivalry⁸
[00:58.51]between the Communists, on one side,
[01:00.70]and democratic Capitalists on the other.
[01:03.33]It fostered close scrutiny⁹
[01:05.41]of each other, as well as
[01:07.16]a brisk interchange of often fabricated
[01:09.68]and distorted propaganda between
[01:11.75]the polarized sides. It injected
[01:14.49]the fear that if one side blinked,
[01:16.68]a nuclear war would be triggered.
[01:18.65]The world, seemingly, was always
[01:21.49]on the verge¹⁰ of warfare¹¹.
[01:23.13]This environment placed the United States
[01:25.21]and China on opposite sides
[01:27.18]once the Communists took power
[01:28.82]in China in 1949. This constant
[01:31.56]friction jeopardized¹² chances for
[01:33.85]meaningful political interaction and intercourse¹³.
[01:36.37]This atmosphere of distrust and fear
[01:39.21]left little incentive¹⁴ for the
[01:41.18]different sides to talk seriously.
[01:42.93]By the end of the Second World War,
[01:46.32]or during the last year or
[01:48.42]two of the war, the world stage
[01:49.83]was being set for the Cold War.
[01:51.26]President Truman's attitude toward China hardened.
[01:54.32]American policy was explicit¹⁵ that
[01:57.60]only one China, Nationalist China
[02:00.23]led by Chiang Kai?shek, on the island
[02:02.53]of Taiwan, was the official China.
[02:05.04]The Americans made it abundantly clear,
[02:07.45]that Mao Tsetung's Communist Regime,
[02:09.75]on mainland China, would not occupy
[02:11.94]China's permanent seat in the United Nations
[02:14.56]Security Council.
[02:16.31]The outbreak of war on
[02:18.06]the Korean Peninsula brought about
[02:20.46]an abrupt¹⁶ change of focus
[02:22.11]in American foreign policy.
[02:23.42]The new American strategy was
[02:25.61]to militarily isolate¹⁷ or alienate¹⁸
[02:28.67]China in Asia. To accomplish this,
[02:31.85]the United States established bases
[02:34.58]in East Asia and mutual¹⁹ defense²⁰
[02:36.33]treaties in East Asia. Treaties
[02:38.63]were negotiated with Japan, the Philippines,
[02:41.25]Australia, and New Zealand. American
[02:44.87]President Eisenhower later expanded
[02:47.82]these to include South Korea,
[02:49.35]Pakistan, and Thailand. To cap off
[02:52.74]this anti?China strategy, the US
[02:55.37]strengthened ties with Taiwan or
[02:57.33]Nationalist China, with which
[02:59.31]the former had official diplomatic ties.
[03:01.49]In the 1950s, American power and
[03:05.87]credibility deteriorated²¹ somewhat
[03:08.38]in the Cold War. Its own people,
[03:10.35]who began to oppose McCarthyism
[03:12.87]and the blunt anti-communist policies
[03:15.28]of John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary
[03:18.56]of State in the Eisenhower Administration,
[03:20.64]helped to undermined national prestige.
[03:24.14]In 1953, Josef Stalin,
[03:28.08]the Soviet²² leader, died. These events
[03:30.92]helped to bring about a shift
[03:33.22]in direction in American foreign policy.
[03:34.86]The United States began to
[03:36.80]look more to Asian events as
[03:38.78]major threats to America's national security.
[03:40.85]The Iron Curtain was firmly established
[03:44.57]in Europe, and NATO forces provided
[03:46.65]secure protection on the western side
[03:48.94]of the curtain. For the time being,
[03:50.92]things looked fairly stable in Europe.
[03:53.32]In the East, because of
[03:55.40]the end of the Korean War and
[03:56.82]the exodus²³ of the French from
[03:58.47]Indo-China, things were not
[04:00.43]as stable. The American political
[04:02.73]elite contended that the foremost
[04:04.70]problem was the vacuum left
[04:06.89]by the French withdrawal²⁴ from Indo-China.
[04:08.97]To officials in the United States,
[04:13.12]this void must not be filled
[04:15.10]by another communist regime.
[04:16.95]The realization²⁵ of objectives
[04:19.14]of the domino theory (the essence
[04:21.55]of which was, that if not checked,
[04:23.63]countries in an given area
[04:25.38]will all gradually fall to
[04:27.02]communist rule) could not be
[04:29.87]allowed to perpetuate²⁶. The Chinese Revolution
[04:32.27]had established a communist regime
[04:34.35]in the most populous²⁷ country
[04:35.77]in the world, and the tensions
[04:37.30]between North and South Korea
[04:39.17]were not going to go
[04:40.70]away overnight. Success of
[04:42.87]the domino theory looked more likely
[04:45.27]in Asia than in Europe.
[04:47.25]The United States felt that
[04:49.32]it needed to concentrate its energies
[04:50.96]and resources in Asia.
[04:52.72]American policies, during the 1960s
[04:55.78]and early 1970s, essentially²⁸ were
[04:59.93]to prevent communist takeovers in Asia,
[05:03.07]in particular, particularly in South Vietnam
[05:06.59]and Taiwan. American policy
[05:09.45]was to contain communism where
[05:11.53]it already existed, while simultaneously²⁹
[05:14.16]coexisting peacefully with its cold war
[05:17.01]communist rivals. Military expenditures³⁰
[05:20.72]increased as defense budgets went
[05:22.69]sky high with democratic and communist
[05:25.31]bureaucracies building huge arsenals³¹
[05:28.16]or inventories³² of high velocity³³,
[05:30.24]even supersonic destructive nuclear weapons,
[05:33.52]in a very fragile polarized world.
[05:36.49]Even China tested a thermal³⁴
[05:38.68]nuclear weapon in the early 60s.
 

1 intrigue   

vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋

参考例句：

• Court officials will intrigue against the royal family.法院官员将密谋反对皇室。
• The royal palace was filled with intrigue.皇宫中充满了勾心斗角。

2 posturing   

做出某种姿势( posture的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• She was posturing a model. 她正在摆模特儿的姿势。
• She says the President may just be posturing. 她说总统也许只是在做样子而已。

3 scrap   

n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废

参考例句：

• A man comes round regularly collecting scrap.有个男人定时来收废品。
• Sell that car for scrap.把那辆汽车当残品卖了吧。

4 isolation   

n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离

参考例句：

• The millionaire lived in complete isolation from the outside world.这位富翁过着与世隔绝的生活。
• He retired and lived in relative isolation.他退休后，生活比较孤寂。

5 monetary   

adj.货币的，钱的；通货的；金融的；财政的

参考例句：

• The monetary system of some countries used to be based on gold.过去有些国家的货币制度是金本位制的。
• Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。

6 tariff   

n.关税，税率；(旅馆、饭店等)价目表，收费表

参考例句：

• There is a very high tariff on jewelry.宝石类的关税率很高。
• The government is going to lower the tariff on importing cars.政府打算降低进口汽车的关税。

7 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

8 rivalry   

n.竞争，竞赛，对抗

参考例句：

• The quarrel originated in rivalry between the two families.这次争吵是两家不和引起的。
• He had a lot of rivalry with his brothers and sisters.他和兄弟姐妹间经常较劲。

9 scrutiny   

n.详细检查，仔细观察

参考例句：

• His work looks all right,but it will not bear scrutiny.他的工作似乎很好，但是经不起仔细检查。
• Few wives in their forties can weather such a scrutiny.很少年过四十的妻子经得起这么仔细的观察。

10 verge   

n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• She was on the verge of bursting into tears.她快要哭出来了。

11 warfare   

n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突

参考例句：

• He addressed the audience on the subject of atomic warfare.他向听众演讲有关原子战争的问题。
• Their struggle consists mainly in peasant guerrilla warfare.他们的斗争主要是农民游击战。

12 jeopardized   

危及，损害( jeopardize的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The soldier jeopardized his life to save his comrade. 这个士兵冒生命的危险救他的同志。
• The occasional failed project or neglected opportunity does not jeopardized overall progress. 偶然失败的项目或失误的机会并没有影响总的进展。

13 intercourse   

n.性交；交流，交往，交际

参考例句：

• The magazine becomes a cultural medium of intercourse between the two peoples.该杂志成为两民族间文化交流的媒介。
• There was close intercourse between them.他们过往很密。

14 incentive   

n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机

参考例句：

• Money is still a major incentive in most occupations.在许多职业中，钱仍是主要的鼓励因素。
• He hasn't much incentive to work hard.他没有努力工作的动机。

15 explicit   

adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的

参考例句：

• She was quite explicit about why she left.她对自己离去的原因直言不讳。
• He avoids the explicit answer to us.他避免给我们明确的回答。

16 abrupt   

adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的

参考例句：

• The river takes an abrupt bend to the west.这河突然向西转弯。
• His abrupt reply hurt our feelings.他粗鲁的回答伤了我们的感情。

17 isolate   

vt.使孤立，隔离

参考例句：

• Do not isolate yourself from others.不要把自己孤立起来。
• We should never isolate ourselves from the masses.我们永远不能脱离群众。

18 alienate   

vt.使疏远，离间；转让(财产等)

参考例句：

• His attempts to alienate the two friends failed because they had complete faith.他离间那两个朋友的企图失败了，因为他们彼此完全信任。
• We'd better not alienate ourselves from the colleagues.我们最好还是不要与同事们疏远。

19 mutual   

adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的

参考例句：

• We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
• Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。

20 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

21 deteriorated   

恶化，变坏( deteriorate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Her health deteriorated rapidly, and she died shortly afterwards. 她的健康状况急剧恶化，不久便去世了。
• His condition steadily deteriorated. 他的病情恶化，日甚一日。

22 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

23 exodus   

v.大批离去，成群外出

参考例句：

• The medical system is facing collapse because of an exodus of doctors.由于医生大批离去，医疗系统面临崩溃。
• Man's great challenge at this moment is to prevent his exodus from this planet.人在当前所遇到的最大挑战，就是要防止人从这个星球上消失。

24 withdrawal   

n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销

参考例句：

• The police were forced to make a tactical withdrawal.警方被迫进行战术撤退。
• They insisted upon a withdrawal of the statement and a public apology.他们坚持要收回那些话并公开道歉。

25 realization   

n.实现；认识到，深刻了解

参考例句：

• We shall gladly lend every effort in our power toward its realization.我们将乐意为它的实现而竭尽全力。
• He came to the realization that he would never make a good teacher.他逐渐认识到自己永远不会成为好老师。

26 perpetuate   

v.使永存，使永记不忘

参考例句：

• This monument was built to perpetuate the memory of the national hero.这个纪念碑建造的意义在于纪念民族英雄永垂不朽。
• We must perpetuate the system.我们必须将此制度永久保持。

27 populous   

adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的

参考例句：

• London is the most populous area of Britain.伦敦是英国人口最稠密的地区。
• China is the most populous developing country in the world.中国是世界上人口最多的发展中国家。

28 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

29 simultaneously   

adv.同时发生地，同时进行地

参考例句：

• The radar beam can track a number of targets almost simultaneously.雷达波几乎可以同时追着多个目标。
• The Windows allow a computer user to execute multiple programs simultaneously.Windows允许计算机用户同时运行多个程序。

30 expenditures   

n.花费( expenditure的名词复数 )；使用；（尤指金钱的）支出额；（精力、时间、材料等的）耗费

参考例句：

• We have overspent.We'll have to let up our expenditures next month. 我们已经超支了，下个月一定得节约开支。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The pension includes an allowance of fifty pounds for traffic expenditures. 年金中包括50镑交通费补贴。 来自《简明英汉词典》

31 arsenals   

n.兵工厂，军火库( arsenal的名词复数 )；任何事物的集成

参考例句：

• We possess-each of us-nuclear arsenals capable of annihilating humanity. 我们两国都拥有能够毁灭全人类的核武库。 来自辞典例句
• Arsenals are factories that produce weapons. 军工厂是生产武器的工厂。 来自互联网

32 inventories   

n.总结( inventory的名词复数 )；细账；存货清单（或财产目录）的编制

参考例句：

• In other cases, such as inventories, inputs and outputs are both continuous. 在另一些情况下，比如存货，其投入和产出都是持续不断的。
• The store must clear its winter inventories by April 1st. 该店必须在4月1日前售清冬季存货。

33 velocity   

n.速度，速率

参考例句：

• Einstein's theory links energy with mass and velocity of light.爱因斯坦的理论把能量同质量和光速联系起来。
• The velocity of light is about 300000 kilometres per second.光速约为每秒300000公里。

34 thermal   

adj.热的，由热造成的；保暖的

参考例句：

• They will build another thermal power station.他们要另外建一座热能发电站。
• Volcanic activity has created thermal springs and boiling mud pools.火山活动产生了温泉和沸腾的泥浆池。