VOA常速英语2013--游牧社区在改变中寻求生存之道

 

Pastoral Societies Seek Place Amid Change 游牧社区在改变中寻求生存之道

KISERIAN, KENYA — Pastoralist communities around the world often live at the margins¹ of modern day states, but pastoralist leaders maintain that their traditional  livelihoods are economically viable² and environmentally sustainable. A recent international conference of pastoralists in rural Kenya offered a unique opportunity for  pastoralists to gather and learn.KISERIAN、

肯尼亚 其塞里安 — 全世界的游牧社区通常是现代国家的边缘人。不过游牧社区的领导人坚信，他们的传统生活方式具有经济上的可行性和环境上的可持续性。世界上的游牧主义正在面临威 胁。游牧主义是一种以放养家畜为主的游牧生活。

Pastoralism, a predominantly nomadic³ lifestyle centered on livestock⁴ herding⁵, is under threat. To chart a way forward, more than 100 pastoralists from Sudan to Spain  attended a Global Gathering⁶ of Pastoralists in Kiserian, Kenya.

为寻求生机，从苏丹到西班牙等来自各国的超过100名游牧主义人士，参加了在肯尼亚其塞里安举行的全球游牧人大会。 

Jonathan Davies, coordinator⁷ of the Global Drylands Initiative, helped organize the event.

全球干地倡议的乔纳森·戴维斯协助组织了国际游牧人会议大会。

"By bringing people from the most unlikely places together you discover that there is a lot of common ground and a lot of opportunity for sharing of experiences and  expertise," said Davies.

全球甘地倡议乔纳森·戴维斯说：  “将人们从最不可能的地方聚集到一起，你将会发现大家有许多共同点，也有许多机会可以分享彼此的经验和专长。”

Pastoralist communities normally live in geographic⁸ peripheries⁹, far from the reach of central governments.

游牧人社区通常处于地理边缘地带，远离中央政府的管辖。

They often are painted as anti-government and conflict-prone, but Davies claims this reputation is undeserved.

他们经常被描绘成反政府和经常发生冲突。不过戴维斯认为，这种名声并与事实不符。

"Pastoralism is on a third of the land surface on this planet and the vast majority of it is self-policing and it is pretty peaceful. The conflicts are terrible but it  is the exception, not the norm," said Davies.

戴维斯说：“游牧主义占了地球表面3分之一的土地，他们大多数自我管理也很和平。发生冲突很糟，不过那是一种例外，并非常态。”

Davies also said that the pastoralist land use system contributes to biodiversity and is environmentally sustainable, a point that was reinforced when conference  attendees visited a biofuel processing plant.

戴维斯说，游牧人口使用土地的方式有助于生物多样化，在环境上也有可持续性，这一点在与会人士参访一个生物燃料处理厂时得到印证。

Khalid Khawaldeh, who represents pastoral communities around Dana, Jordan, is among those who attended the conference and learned something new.

卡里德·卡瓦德代表约旦达纳地区的游牧社区。

"The engineer just told us that we benefit from the waste more than from the meat. This is surprising for me," said Khawaldeh.

卡瓦德说: “工程师只告诉我们，我们从废物得到的好处要比肉类还多。这让我感到意外。”

Like many at the conference, economic and political pressures forced Khawaldeh out of pastoralism.

正如许多来参加会议的人一样，经济和政治压力迫使卡瓦德无法继续其游牧主义的生活方式。

"They cannot move outside the boundaries of Jordan. Even within Jordan they are in isolated¹⁰ islands because of privatization, industrialization, and conservation.  So  they cannot move as they used to," said Khawaldeh.

卡瓦德说： “他们无法离开约旦的界线。即便在约旦内部，他们也因为私有化、工业化和保育而生活在孤立的岛上。所以他们无法像以前一样移动。”

The World Alliance of Mobile Indigenous¹¹ People aims to set a global agenda to protect pastoralist rights.

世界移动原住民联盟的主要目标，是要为保障游牧人的权利设定一个全球性议题。

Lalji Desai, the group's secretary-general, points out that many pastoral groups face the same issues.

"Most of the pastoralists in the regions, we have similar problems linked with the policy-making and decision-making process. Recognizing our rights, land rights  issues, migratory¹² routes, markets, preserving our animal genetic¹³ resources, or our knowledge - everything is linked with the policy-making decision," said Desai.

世界移动原住民联盟秘书长拉吉·迪赛说：: “大部分区域里的游牧人都有与政策制定和决策过程相关的类似问题。包括承认我们的权利、土地权问题、移动的路线、市集、保存我们动物基 因的资源或我们的知识等，所有这些都和政策的制定有关。”

Ol-Johán Sikku, from the Sami community of reindeer¹⁴ herders in northern Sweden, noted¹⁵ that some pastoral groups, including the Sami, find support lacking.

欧约翰·西库来自瑞典北部牧养麋鹿的萨米社区。

"Still locally, regionally, or in the country you have to do something. But if you get support from the U.N., that's good. Because even the Sami people, we feel that  the northern Scandinavian countries don't support the Sami so we have to have support from the U.N., EU and then we can do something," said Sikku.

西库说： “在地方上、区域或国家里你还是必须做点事。如果你得到联合国的支持，那会很好。因为即便是萨米人，我们也觉得斯堪的纳维亚国家不支持萨米人，所以我们必须得到联合国和 欧盟的支持才能做些事。”

Sikku is trying to protect his ancient lifestyle by adapting to modern realities. He lobbies the Swedish government for Sami rights and works with a group called Slow  Food Sápmi that promotes traditional Sami recipes to find new markets for his reindeer meat. 

西库正在适应现实条件设法保护他古老的生活方式。他为保障萨米人的权利而去游说瑞典政府，他也和一个推行传统萨米人菜谱的组织合作，为他的麋鹿肉寻找新的市场。

1 margins   

边( margin的名词复数 )； 利润； 页边空白； 差数

参考例句：

• They have always had to make do with relatively small profit margins. 他们不得不经常设法应付较少的利润额。
• To create more space between the navigation items, add left and right margins to the links. 在每个项目间留更多的空隙，加左或者右的margins来定义链接。

2 viable   

adj.可行的，切实可行的，能活下去的

参考例句：

• The scheme is economically viable.这个计划从经济效益来看是可行的。
• The economy of the country is not viable.这个国家经济是难以维持的。

3 nomadic   

adj.流浪的；游牧的

参考例句：

• This tribe still live a nomadic life.这个民族仍然过着游牧生活。
• The plowing culture and the nomadic culture are two traditional principal cultures in China.农耕文化与游牧文化是我国传统的两大主体文化。

4 livestock   

n.家畜，牲畜

参考例句：

• Both men and livestock are flourishing.人畜两旺。
• The heavy rains and flooding killed scores of livestock.暴雨和大水淹死了许多牲口。

5 herding   

中畜群

参考例句：

• The little boy is herding the cattle. 这个小男孩在放牛。
• They have been herding cattle on the tableland for generations. 他们世世代代在这高原上放牧。

6 gathering   

n.集会，聚会，聚集

参考例句：

• He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
• He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。

7 coordinator   

n.协调人

参考例句：

• The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, headed by the Emergency Relief Coordinator, coordinates all UN emergency relief. 联合国人道主义事务协调厅在紧急救济协调员领导下，负责协调联合国的所有紧急救济工作。
• How am I supposed to find the client-relations coordinator? 我怎么才能找到客户关系协调员的办公室？

8 geographic   

adj.地理学的，地理的

参考例句：

• The city's success owes much to its geographic position. 这座城市的成功很大程度上归功于它的地理位置。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Environmental problems pay no heed to these geographic lines. 环境问题并不理会这些地理界限。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法

9 peripheries   

n.外围( periphery的名词复数 )；边缘；周围

参考例句：

• The peripheries are lined by respiratory epithelium. 表面是线性排列的呼吸道上皮。 来自互联网

10 isolated   

adj.与世隔绝的

参考例句：

• His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
• Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。

11 indigenous   

adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的

参考例句：

• Each country has its own indigenous cultural tradition.每个国家都有自己本土的文化传统。
• Indians were the indigenous inhabitants of America.印第安人是美洲的土著居民。

12 migratory   

n.候鸟，迁移

参考例句：

• Many migratory birds visit this lake annually.许多候鸟每年到这个湖上作短期逗留。
• This does not negate the idea of migratory aptitude.这并没有否定迁移能力这一概念。

13 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

14 reindeer   

n.驯鹿

参考例句：

• The herd of reindeer was being trailed by a pack of wolves.那群驯鹿被一只狼群寻踪追赶上来。
• The life of the Reindeer men was a frontier life.驯鹿时代人的生活是一种边区生活。

15 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。