欧美人文风情第8篇:外国人眼中的至圣先师孔子

 Confucius was a Chinese philosopher of the Zhou dynasty, whose teachings of moral, social, political, and philosophical¹ behavior and theory 孔子是中国周朝的一位思想家，他在道德、社会、政治、及哲学行为与理论的教诲，

would later become the foundation of a system known as Confucianism. 后来成为一个被称做儒家的体系其根基。

The teachings of Confucius was studied and written about from the time of his death until the founding of the first Chinese empire in 221 B.C. 孔子的讲学从他辞世到西元前 221 年首个中国帝国建立期间被研究及写下。

His teachings included humanist towards others, ritual and etiquette², love of parents for their children and of children for their parents. 他的教诲包括对他人的仁、仪俗及礼节、父母对子女的爱及子女对父母的爱。

An emphasis was placed on self-cultivation and skilled judgment³, 重点被放在自身修养和熟练的判断力，

rather than a knowledge of rules. 而非对规则的了解。

His ethical⁴ ideals in teachings were also communicated through metaphor⁵, innuendo⁶, and anecdote⁷ or story. 他教诲中的道德理想也透过隐喻、讽刺、轶事或故事来传递。

One of his most well-known teachings is—what you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. 其中一个他最广为人知的教诲是－－己所不欲，勿施于人。

Confucianism rose to prominence⁸ during the Han dynasty around 200 B.C. 儒学在西元前约 200 年汉代时始达兴盛。

Many followers⁹ practiced his teachings as a religion. 许多追随者把他的教义当作一种宗教来实践。

However, because it lacks a metaphysical aspect, most consider Confucianism as an influential¹⁰ social philosophy. 然而，因为儒学缺乏一种纯哲学的面向，大多数人视儒学为一个具影响力的社会学。

Confucius avidly¹¹ promoted an autocratic social structure. 孔子热烈地提倡一个专制的社会结构。

In the years after his death, rulers looked to scholars of Confucianism for assistance in managing their empires and governing their people. 在他逝世后，统治者靠着儒家学者来协助管理他们的帝国及统治他们的人民。

Confucianism was appealing to rulers who found that its principles would essentially¹² help society become self-regulating. 对于那些发现其原则实质上会帮助社会变得自律的统治者而言，儒学很吸引人。

These principles of behavior and their implementation¹³ are thought to have later influenced strong central rule, 这些关于行为和其施行的原则被认为后来影响了中央集权统治、

and the absence of rigidly¹⁴ enforced legal structure. 及严格执法体系的缺乏。

Confucius spent his final years teaching his followers and communicating his wisdom. 孔子利用他的最后几年教导他的弟子和散播他的智慧。

These dialogues would eventually become a set of texts called the Five Classics. 这些对话最终变成一系列称作《五经》的文本。

 

1 philosophical   

adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的

参考例句：

• The teacher couldn't answer the philosophical problem.老师不能解答这个哲学问题。
• She is very philosophical about her bad luck.她对自己的不幸看得很开。

2 etiquette   

n.礼仪，礼节；规矩

参考例句：

• The rules of etiquette are not so strict nowadays.如今的礼仪规则已不那么严格了。
• According to etiquette,you should stand up to meet a guest.按照礼节你应该站起来接待客人。

3 judgment   

n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见

参考例句：

• The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
• He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。

4 ethical   

adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的

参考例句：

• It is necessary to get the youth to have a high ethical concept.必须使青年具有高度的道德观念。
• It was a debate which aroused fervent ethical arguments.那是一场引发强烈的伦理道德争论的辩论。

5 metaphor   

n.隐喻，暗喻

参考例句：

• Using metaphor,we say that computers have senses and a memory.打个比方，我们可以说计算机有感觉和记忆力。
• In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love.玫瑰在诗中通常作为爱的象征。

6 innuendo   

n.暗指，讽刺

参考例句：

• The report was based on rumours,speculation,and innuendo.这份报告建立在谣言、臆断和含沙射影的基础之上。
• Mark told by innuendo that the opposing team would lose the game.马克暗讽地说敌队会在比赛中输掉。

7 anecdote   

n.轶事，趣闻，短故事

参考例句：

• He departed from the text to tell an anecdote.他偏离课文讲起了一则轶事。
• It had never been more than a family anecdote.那不过是个家庭趣谈罢了。

8 prominence   

n.突出；显著；杰出；重要

参考例句：

• He came to prominence during the World Cup in Italy.他在意大利的世界杯赛中声名鹊起。
• This young fashion designer is rising to prominence.这位年轻的时装设计师的声望越来越高。

9 followers   

追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件

参考例句：

• the followers of Mahatma Gandhi 圣雄甘地的拥护者
• The reformer soon gathered a band of followers round him. 改革者很快就获得一群追随者支持他。

10 influential   

adj.有影响的，有权势的

参考例句：

• He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
• He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。

11 avidly   

adv.渴望地，热心地

参考例句：

• She read avidly from an early age—books, magazines, anything. 她从小就酷爱阅读——书籍、杂志，无不涉猎。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Her melancholy eyes avidly scanned his smiling face. 她说话时两只忧郁的眼睛呆呆地望着他的带笑的脸。 来自汉英文学 - 家（1-26） - 家（1-26）

12 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

13 implementation   

n.实施，贯彻

参考例句：

• Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。

14 rigidly   

adv.刻板地，僵化地

参考例句：

• Life today is rigidly compartmentalized into work and leisure. 当今的生活被严格划分为工作和休闲两部分。
• The curriculum is rigidly prescribed from an early age. 自儿童时起即已开始有严格的课程设置。