PBS高端访谈:后查韦斯时代 委内瑞拉面临各种问题

 　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Now to Venezuela, where what has been an economic crisis is leading to social and political upheaval¹, in a country once flush with oil money.

　　In partnership² with the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, videographer Bruno Federico and special correspondent Nadja Drost bring us this report from Caracas.

　　NADJA DROST, Special Correspondent: Dr. Dili Gonzalez walks into what is left of her hospital in Caracas. The 28-year-old physician is one of the few doctors left here, as Venezuela falls deeper into collapse³, its health care system in shambles⁴.

　　We aren't supposed to be here. We film with a hidden camera. The ceilings leak, vital equipment broken, with no spare parts, patients in deep need with few doctors attending.

　　DR. DILI GONZALEZ (through translator): These gloves aren't sterile⁵. You can't operate with them. There's nothing here.

　　NADJA DROST: Heat flows into the morgue. Water shortages have made the bathing areas putrid⁶. This hospital is falling apart.

　　DR. DILI GONZALEZ (through translator): I would say we have a humanitarian⁷ crisis. There are no medications. You can't get antibiotics⁸. There were eight operating rooms. Now three or four function, with difficulty. One thing gets fixed⁹, another breaks. We're in bad shape.

　　后查韦斯时代 委内瑞拉面临各种问题

　　NADJA DROST: Gonzalez says doctors have to send patients out to scrounge for everything from ibuprofen to chemotherapy agents. The doctors have to improvise¹⁰ with what little they have.

　　DR. DILI GONZALEZ (through translator): We're responding to medical situations as though we are in a war. This is not Syria. We are in Venezuela.

　　NADJA DROST: This is Venezuela now.

　　DR. DILI GONZALEZ (through translator): We used to be the middle class. Now we're lower class. Everyone is lower class, because no one has the economic capacity to go to the supermarket and buy everything they need, pay the rent, or pay for the condominium, pay utilities, with what they earn.

　　NADJA DROST: Gonzalez and her husband, also a doctor, share a small one-bedroom apartment, and can't make ends meet with their monthly salary.

　　DR. DILI GONZALEZ (through translator): I earn 30,000 bolivares a month, which are about $30. For the apartment, we pay 90,000 bolivares in monthly rent.

　　NADJA DROST: Even so, they are some of the lucky ones; 10:00 a.m. on a weekday morning, hundreds wait to buy food, in shopping lines that have become a symbol of Venezuela's economic crisis.

　　We're here in a middle-class neighborhood, but most of the people in this line come from poor neighborhoods from all across the city, because they can't find food at subsidized prices in their neighborhoods. So they have come here to this supermarket, lining¹¹ up throughout the night, in the hopes that when they can finally enter, they might come out with a bag of rice and a carton of milk.

　　Over a decade ago, the government of former President Hugo Chavez introduced price controls on certain basic goods, to make them more accessible to the poor, offering them at almost token prices. Now, with so little to go around, goods are rationed¹².

　　After having been in line since midnight, Sandra Romero Maya leaves the supermarket.

　　SANDRA ROMERO MAYA (through translator): I want to eat a steak, because I can't anymore. What do I have for food? What you see here, for 15 days, a week? Do you think that eight people can get by on this?

　　NADJA DROST: Venezuela hardly produces anything besides oil, importing almost all goods thanks to revenue from petroleum¹³ sales. But the deep drop in oil prices, along with what critics say is government mismanagement, have helped drive triple-digit inflation, the highest in the world, and has reduced the ability to import goods.

　　Products from car parts to corn flour are difficult to get. The scarcity¹⁴ has created a huge black market. In the Petare neighborhood, contraband¹⁵ vendors¹⁶ called bachaqueros display their wares¹⁷, goods purchased at regulated prices, and resold for much more. These vendors are illegal, and we're advised to use a hidden camera to avoid getting attacked.

　　But the black market contributes to the scarcity of regulated goods.

　　ANDRY VELOZ (through translator): I leave at 4:00 or 5:00 in the morning to go line up, and I return at 5:00 in the evening night without anything.

　　NADJA DROST: Andry Veloz, a frustrated¹⁸ mother, says it's a rare day she returns with anything from the shopping line to the shantytown where she lives with her husband and three children. Sometimes, they eat just once a day.

　　She and her husband blame the shortage of subsidized goods on the black market bachaqueros.

　　LEO GUERRERO (through translator): These people, who like to rise at dawn to be able to buy everything and resell it. All of it expensive.

　　ANDRY VELOZ (through translator): Butter costs 500 bolivares, and they sell it for 2,000.

　　NADJA DROST: That's about $2 on the black market, or three days' work at minimum wage. Soaring prices and scarce supply has led to looting of stores. Trucks are often attacked. Venezuelans are at the edge, and many increasingly blame the government for the crisis they are living.

　　President Nicolas Maduro, Chavez's chosen successor, says it's an economic war waged by foreigners and businessmen hoarding¹⁹ supplies to drive up prices and destabilize the government.

　　Tania Diaz is a member of Congress in Maduro's party.

　　DEPUTY TANIA DIAZ, National Assembly, Venezuela (through translator): They have managed to create a huge distribution mafia. And they block consumers' access to products, and increase prices along the way. This is simply a war economy.

　　NADJA DROST: Many of the government's supporters are the poor, who have benefited most from the social programs rolled out under Chavez's administration.

　　Three years after his death, Chavez's legacy²⁰ lives on for many of his supporters, called Chavistas, his face adorning²¹ billboards²² and murals throughout Caracas. Chavistas feel their revolution has been unfairly covered by the international press.

　　And we have to overcome their wariness²³ before they bring us to a Chavista collective, trying to hold out the crisis by growing their own food. Tucked under a metro²⁴ line, this is one of several community gardens the government is supporting to help alleviate²⁵ food shortages.

　　For Jose Pacheco, the garden's coordinator²⁶, the government has made mistakes, but that doesn't deter²⁷ him from believing in Chavismo, Chavez's brand of socialism.

　　JOSE PACHECO, Montaraz Revolutionary Work Collective (through translator): I will tell you something. No revolution in history has been easy. We're in a tough spot. But we're not going to go over to the right because of that. They don't guarantee us anything.

　　NADJA DROST: Margarita Lopez Maya is a political analyst²⁸.

　　MARGARITA LOPEZ MAYA, Central University of Venezuela: What is happening? Chavismo is being reduced to its core, to its hardest core, and there is a portion, a significant portion of Venezuelans that are disenchanted by Chavismo at this moment, but still haven't done the steps to go to the opposition²⁹.

　　NADJA DROST: But more and more Venezuelans are turning against the government, lining up last month to add their names to a petition, led by the opposition, for a referendum to oust³⁰ Maduro. Government supporters call it a coup³¹ attempt.

　　MAN (through translator): They want to turn our country over to the United States.

　　NADJA DROST: With a political crisis and the economy in freefall, law and order have broken down. Violence racks Caracas, now the most murderous city in the world. As sun sets, much of the city goes quiet. Going out could mean becoming the latest victim of robbery or kidnapping.

　　FATHER OF KIDNAP VICTIM (through translator): At 2:00 in the morning, I was sleeping in my room. My telephone rang and it was my son. He said to me, "Papa, I'm kidnapped. I will put the kidnapper³² on."

　　NADJA DROST: It was a year-and-a-half ago when the kidnappers³³ told this man, whose identity we agreed to hide, that he had until morning to gather a ransom³⁴ of $35,000 for the release of his son, who was put in a car with his captors, circling Caracas throughout the night.

　　Kidnapping is big business in Caracas, and we wanted to speak to someone who does it. A trusted colleague led us to a kidnapper who calls himself "El Negro." With the help of 50 gang members in his kidnapping ring, he studies and stalks a person for weeks if they look like they have money, to determine if they are worth grabbing.

　　"Someone like you," he says to me.

　　Once a person is kidnapped, things move quickly.

　　"EL NEGRO", Kidnapper (through translator): You communicate with the family. And if the family doesn't comply, we have to pressure them. There's various ways. You can cut a finger and send it with a note. Or you leave a note at the door of their house.

　　If the family doesn't comply within 48 hours, we look for a way to eliminate the person or release them.

　　NADJA DROST: The father we spoke³⁵ with was dealing³⁶ with different kidnappers than El Negro's gang, and they agreed to release his son for the $6,000 he had managed to gather.

　　FATHER OF KIDNAP VICTIM (through translator): As I was driving down, the kidnapper told me, "If you come across a police checkpoint, don't worry, because we're the same people."

　　NADJA DROST: El Negro says the police turn a blind eye to his operations, for a price.

　　"EL NEGRO" (through translator): It's a business more than anything. It's the same authorities from whom we buy weapons.

　　NADJA DROST: Kidnappings are rarely reported, and there are no official statistics. But with a recent study estimating their number has quintupled this year, they show no sign of slowing down.

　　FATHER OF KIDNAP VICTIM (through translator): In the end, I think the economic situation and lack of money, impunity³⁷, and the lack of vigilance are the most important factors driving this wave of kidnapping.

　　NADJA DROST: After his son was released, he finished his studies within the year and, like so many others who could, left Venezuela.

　　Most of Dr. Dili Gonzalez's friends and colleagues have gone, too. Despite the crime, the food shortages, and challenges of getting by every day, she's determined³⁸ to stay to serve her patients.

　　DR. DILI GONZALEZ (through translator): I'm one of those who think, no, I'm not going to move out of the country. I'm going to fight until the end, until I can't anymore.

　　NADJA DROST: For the "PBS NewsHour," reporting with Bruno Federico, I'm Nadja Drost in Caracas.

1 upheaval   

n.胀起，(地壳)的隆起；剧变，动乱

参考例句：

• It was faced with the greatest social upheaval since World War Ⅱ.它面临第二次世界大战以来最大的社会动乱。
• The country has been thrown into an upheaval.这个国家已经陷入动乱之中。

2 partnership   

n.合作关系，伙伴关系

参考例句：

• The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
• Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。

3 collapse   

vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。

4 shambles   

n.混乱之处；废墟

参考例句：

• My room is a shambles.我房间里乱七八糟。
• The fighting reduced the city to a shambles.这场战斗使这座城市成了一片废墟。

5 sterile   

adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的

参考例句：

• This top fits over the bottle and keeps the teat sterile.这个盖子严实地盖在奶瓶上，保持奶嘴无菌。
• The farmers turned the sterile land into high fields.农民们把不毛之地变成了高产田。

6 putrid   

adj.腐臭的；有毒的；已腐烂的；卑劣的

参考例句：

• To eat putrid food is liable to get sick.吃了腐败的食物容易生病。
• A putrid smell drove us from the room.一股腐臭的气味迫使我们离开这房间。

7 humanitarian   

n.人道主义者，博爱者，基督凡人论者

参考例句：

• She has many humanitarian interests and contributes a lot to them.她拥有很多慈善事业，并作了很大的贡献。
• The British government has now suspended humanitarian aid to the area.英国政府现已暂停对这一地区的人道主义援助。

8 antibiotics   

n.（用作复数）抗生素；（用作单数）抗生物质的研究；抗生素，抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现
• The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。

9 fixed   

adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的

参考例句：

• Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？
• Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。

10 improvise   

v.即兴创作；临时准备，临时凑成

参考例句：

• If an actor forgets his words，he has to improvise.演员要是忘记台词，那就只好即兴现编。
• As we've not got the proper materials,we'll just have to improvise.我们没有弄到合适的材料，只好临时凑合了。

11 lining   

n.衬里，衬料

参考例句：

• The lining of my coat is torn.我的外套衬里破了。
• Moss makes an attractive lining to wire baskets.用苔藓垫在铁丝篮里很漂亮。

12 rationed   

限量供应，配给供应( ration的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• We were rationed to two eggs a day. 每天配给我们两个鸡蛋。
• The army is well rationed. 部队给养良好。

13 petroleum   

n.原油，石油

参考例句：

• The Government of Iran advanced the price of petroleum last week.上星期伊朗政府提高了石油价格。
• The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.炼油厂的主要工作是提炼原油。

14 scarcity   

n.缺乏，不足，萧条

参考例句：

• The scarcity of skilled workers is worrying the government.熟练工人的缺乏困扰着政府。
• The scarcity of fruit was caused by the drought.水果供不应求是由于干旱造成的。

15 contraband   

n.违禁品，走私品

参考例句：

• Most of the city markets were flooded with contraband goods.大多数的城市市场上都充斥着走私货。
• The customs officers rummaged the ship suspected to have contraband goods.海关人员仔细搜查了一艘有走私嫌疑的海轮。

16 vendors   

n.摊贩( vendor的名词复数 )；小贩；（房屋等的）卖主；卖方

参考例句：

• The vendors were gazundered at the last minute. 卖主在最后一刻被要求降低房价。
• At the same time, interface standards also benefIt'software vendors. 同时，界面标准也有利于软件开发商。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

17 wares   

n. 货物, 商品

参考例句：

• They sold their wares at half-price. 他们的货品是半价出售的。
• The peddler was crying up his wares. 小贩极力夸耀自己的货物。

18 frustrated   

adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧

参考例句：

• It's very easy to get frustrated in this job. 这个工作很容易令人懊恼。
• The bad weather frustrated all our hopes of going out. 恶劣的天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。 来自《简明英汉词典》

19 hoarding   

n.贮藏；积蓄；临时围墙；囤积v.积蓄并储藏（某物）( hoard的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• After the war, they were shot for hoarding. 战后他们因囤积而被枪决。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Actually he had two unused ones which he was hoarding up. 其实他还藏了两片没有用呢。 来自英汉文学

20 legacy   

n.遗产，遗赠；先人(或过去)留下的东西

参考例句：

• They are the most precious cultural legacy our forefathers left.它们是我们祖先留下来的最宝贵的文化遗产。
• He thinks the legacy is a gift from the Gods.他认为这笔遗产是天赐之物。

21 adorning   

修饰，装饰物

参考例句：

• Many have gems adorning their foreheads, and gold bands on their arms. 许多人在前额上挂着宝石，手臂上戴着金饰。
• The commandments, or rules, are like pure white pearls adorning the wearer. （喻）戒律洁白，可以庄严人身，好像晶莹可爱的宝珠。

22 billboards   

n.广告牌( billboard的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Large billboards have disfigured the scenery. 大型告示板已破坏了景色。 来自辞典例句
• Then, put the logo in magazines and on billboards without telling anyone what it means. 接着我们把这个商标刊在杂志和广告看板上，却不跟任何人透漏它的涵意。 来自常春藤生活英语杂志-2006年4月号

23 wariness   

n. 注意,小心

参考例句：

• The British public's wariness of opera is an anomaly in Europe. 英国公众对歌剧不大轻易接受的态度在欧洲来说很反常。
• There certainly is a history of wariness about using the R-word. 历史表明绝对应当谨慎使用“衰退”一词。

24 metro   

n.地铁；adj.大都市的；(METRO)麦德隆(财富500强公司之一总部所在地德国，主要经营零售)

参考例句：

• Can you reach the park by metro?你可以乘地铁到达那个公园吗？
• The metro flood gate system is a disaster prevention equipment.地铁防淹门系统是一种防灾设备。

25 alleviate   

v.减轻，缓和，缓解(痛苦等)

参考例句：

• The doctor gave her an injection to alleviate the pain.医生给她注射以减轻疼痛。
• Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。

26 coordinator   

n.协调人

参考例句：

• The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, headed by the Emergency Relief Coordinator, coordinates all UN emergency relief. 联合国人道主义事务协调厅在紧急救济协调员领导下，负责协调联合国的所有紧急救济工作。
• How am I supposed to find the client-relations coordinator? 我怎么才能找到客户关系协调员的办公室？

27 deter   

vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住

参考例句：

• Failure did not deter us from trying it again.失败并没有能阻挡我们再次进行试验。
• Dogs can deter unwelcome intruders.狗能够阻拦不受欢迎的闯入者。

28 analyst   

n.分析家，化验员；心理分析学家

参考例句：

• What can you contribute to the position of a market analyst?你有什么技能可有助于市场分析员的职务？
• The analyst is required to interpolate values between standards.分析人员需要在这些标准中插入一些值。

29 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

30 oust   

vt.剥夺，取代，驱逐

参考例句：

• The committee wanted to oust him from the union.委员会想把他从工会中驱逐出去。
• The leaders have been ousted from power by nationalists.这些领导人被民族主义者赶下了台。

31 coup   

n.政变；突然而成功的行动

参考例句：

• The monarch was ousted by a military coup.那君主被军事政变者废黜了。
• That government was overthrown in a military coup three years ago.那个政府在3年前的军事政变中被推翻。

32 kidnapper   

n.绑架者，拐骗者

参考例句：

• The kidnapper was shot dead then and there by the armed policeman.绑架者被武装警察当时当地击毙。
• The kidnapper strangled the child with a piece of string.绑票的人用一根绳子把这孩子勒死了。

33 kidnappers   

n.拐子，绑匪( kidnapper的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They were freed yesterday by their kidnappers unharmed. 他们昨天被绑架者释放了，没有受到伤害。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The kidnappers had threatened to behead all four unless their jailed comrades were released. 帮匪们曾经威胁说如果印度方面不释放他们的同伙，他们就要将这四名人质全部斩首。 来自《简明英汉词典》

34 ransom   

n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救

参考例句：

• We'd better arrange the ransom right away.我们最好马上把索取赎金的事安排好。
• The kidnappers exacted a ransom of 10000 from the family.绑架者向这家人家勒索10000英镑的赎金。

35 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

36 dealing   

n.经商方法，待人态度

参考例句：

• This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
• His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。

37 impunity   

n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除

参考例句：

• You will not escape with impunity.你不可能逃脱惩罚。
• The impunity what compulsory insurance sets does not include escapement.交强险规定的免责范围不包括逃逸。

38 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。