时差N小时 什么是条件反射(上)

If you’ve ever blinked at a sudden light, jerked your hand away from something hot,

如果你在突然的灯光下眨眼，或碰到滚烫的物品立刻抽回手，

or jumped at a loud noise, then you know that these are not actions we consciously plan. Rather, they happen involuntarily.

或听到巨大的声响吓了一跳，你会发现这并不是我们有意识、有计划的行为，而是不自觉发生的。

Such sudden, unconscious movements are a kind of simple neural¹ activity known as a reflex.

这些突然、无意识的行为是一种简单的神经活动，也就是“条件反射”。

A deliberate action, such as raising a spoon to the mouth, involves consciousness. We decide to raise the spoon, then we do it.

有计划的行为包含意识，比如把一个勺子送到嘴边，我们先是拿起勺子，然后再送到嘴边。

Most reflexes, however, do not involve the brain; they are fast, involuntary responses that travel over what is known as a reflex arc.

然而，大部分的条件反射与大脑无关，它们是快速、无意识的反应，该反应通过“反射弧”进行传递。

A reflex arc consists of a stimulus², for example extreme heat, which creates an impulse that travels along sensory³ nerves and neurons to the spinal⁴ cord.

反射弧包括某种刺激，如高温环境下人会产生一种神经冲动，这种神经冲动沿着感觉神经和神经元传递，最后到达脊髓。

1 neural   

adj.神经的，神经系统的

参考例句：

• The neural network can preferably solve the non- linear problem.利用神经网络建模可以较好地解决非线性问题。
• The information transmission in neural system depends on neurotransmitters.信息传递的神经途径有赖于神经递质。

2 stimulus   

n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物

参考例句：

• Regard each failure as a stimulus to further efforts.把每次失利看成对进一步努力的激励。
• Light is a stimulus to growth in plants.光是促进植物生长的一个因素。

3 sensory   

adj.知觉的，感觉的，知觉器官的

参考例句：

• Human powers of sensory discrimination are limited.人类感官分辨能力有限。
• The sensory system may undergo long-term adaptation in alien environments.感觉系统对陌生的环境可能经过长时期才能适应。

4 spinal   

adj.针的，尖刺的，尖刺状突起的；adj.脊骨的，脊髓的

参考例句：

• After three days in Japan,the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible.在日本三天，就已经使脊椎骨变得富有弹性了。
• Your spinal column is made up of 24 movable vertebrae.你的脊柱由24个活动的脊椎骨构成。