英国卫报：独狼式恐怖分子的故事(9)

Few extremists remain without human contact, even if that contact is only found online.

很少有极端分子不与人接触，即使这种接触只能在网上找到。

Last year, a team at the University of Miami studied 196 pro-Isis groups operating on social media during the first eight months of 2015.

去年，迈阿密大学的一个团队研究了2015年前8个月在社交媒体上运作的196个亲伊斯兰教团体。

These groups had a combined total of more than 100,000 members.

这些团体的成员总数超过了10万人。

Researchers also found that pro-Isis individuals who were not in a group C who they dubbed¹ online lone² wolf actors C had either recently been in a group or soon went on to join one.

研究人员还发现，那些没有加入团体的亲伊斯兰教的人，他们称之为网上独狼演员，他们要么最近加入过一个团体，要么很快就加入了一个团体。

Any terrorist, however socially or physically³ isolated⁴, is still part of a broader movement.

任何恐怖分子，无论在社会上或身体上如何孤立，都是更广泛运动的一部分。

The lengthy⁵ manifesto⁶ that Breivik published hours before he started killing⁷ drew heavily on a dense⁸ ecosystem⁹ of far-right blogs, websites and writers.

布雷维克在开始杀人前几小时发表的长篇宣言，大量借鉴了极右翼博客、网站和作家的密集生态系统。

His ideas on strategy drew directly from the leaderless resistance school of Beam and others.

他关于战略的想法直接借鉴了贝姆和其他人的无领导抵抗流派。

Even his musical tastes were shaped by his ideology¹⁰.

甚至他的音乐品味也被他的意识形态所左右。

He was, for example, a fan of Saga¹¹, a Swedish white nationalist singer, whose lyrics¹² include lines about The greatest race to ever walk the earth betrayed.

例如，他是瑞典白人民族主义歌手萨加（Saga）的粉丝，他的歌词包括 "有史以来最伟大的种族被背叛了"。

It is little different for Islamic militants¹³, who emerge as often from the fertile and desperately¹⁴ depressing world of online jihadism C with its execution videos, mythologised history, selectively read religious texts and Photoshopped pictures of alleged¹⁵ atrocities¹⁶ against Muslims C as from organised groups that meet in person.

伊斯兰激进分子的情况几乎没有什么不同，他们经常从网上圣战主义的肥沃和令人绝望的世界中出现，其中有处决视频、神话化的历史、有选择地阅读宗教经文以及用Photoshop制作的所谓针对穆斯林的暴行图片，而这些都来自于有组织的团体。

Terrorist violence of all kinds is directed against specific targets.

所有类型的恐怖暴力都是针对特定目标的。

These are not selected at random¹⁷, nor are such attacks the products of a fevered and irrational¹⁸ imagination operating in complete isolation¹⁹.

这些目标不是随意选择的，这种攻击也不是完全孤立的狂热和非理性的想象力的产物。

Just like the old idea that a single organisation²⁰, al-Qaida, was responsible for all Islamic terrorism, the rise of the lone-wolf paradigm²¹ is convenient for many different actors.

就像以前认为基地组织是所有伊斯兰恐怖主义的罪魁祸首一样，“独狼”范式的兴起对许多不同的行为者来说都是方便的。

First, there are the terrorists themselves.

首先，是恐怖分子本身。

The notion that we are surrounded by anonymous²² lone wolves poised²³ to strike at any time inspires fear and polarises the public.

我们周围都是匿名的独狼，随时准备发动袭击，这一概念激发了人们的恐惧，并使公众分化。

What could be more alarming and divisive than the idea that someone nearby C perhaps a colleague, a neighbour, a fellow commuter²⁴ C might secretly be a lone wolf?

还有什么能比附近的某个人（也许是同事、邻居、同路人）可能秘密地成为独狼的想法更令人震惊和分裂的呢？

Terrorist groups also need to work constantly to motivate their activists²⁵.

恐怖组织也需要不断努力来激励他们的积极分子。

The idea of lone wolves invests murderous attackers with a special status, even glamour²⁶.

独狼的想法给杀人的攻击者赋予了特殊的地位，甚至是魅力。

Breivik, for instance, congratulated himself in his manifesto for becoming a self-financed and self-indoctrinated single individual attack cell.

例如，布雷维克在他的宣言中祝贺自己成为一个自筹资金和自我灌输的单人攻击小组。

Al-Qaida propaganda lauded²⁷ the 2009 Fort Hood²⁸ shooter as a pioneer, a trailblazer, and a role model who has opened a door, lit a path, and shown the way forward for every Muslim who finds himself among the unbelievers.

基地组织的宣传将2009年胡德堡的枪手称赞为先驱者、开拓者和榜样，他为每一个在不信教者中发现自己的穆斯林打开了一扇门，照亮了一条路，指明了前进的方向。

The lone-wolf paradigm can be helpful for security services and policymakers, too, since the public assumes that lone wolves are difficult to catch.

独狼模式对安全部门和政策制定者也有帮助，因为公众认为独狼是很难抓的。

This would be justified²⁹ if the popular image of the lone wolf as a solitary³⁰ actor was accurate.

如果独狼作为一个孤独的行为者的流行形象是准确的，这将是合理的。

1 dubbed   

v.给…起绰号( dub的过去式和过去分词 )；把…称为；配音；复制

参考例句：

• Mathematics was once dubbed the handmaiden of the sciences. 数学曾一度被视为各门科学的基础。
• Is the movie dubbed or does it have subtitles? 这部电影是配音的还是打字幕的？ 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 lone   

adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的

参考例句：

• A lone sea gull flew across the sky.一只孤独的海鸥在空中飞过。
• She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach.她在空旷的海滩上能看到一个孤独的身影。

3 physically   

adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律

参考例句：

• He was out of sorts physically,as well as disordered mentally.他浑身不舒服，心绪也很乱。
• Every time I think about it I feel physically sick.一想起那件事我就感到极恶心。

4 isolated   

adj.与世隔绝的

参考例句：

• His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
• Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。

5 lengthy   

adj.漫长的，冗长的

参考例句：

• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
• The professor wrote a lengthy book on Napoleon.教授写了一部有关拿破仑的巨著。

6 manifesto   

n.宣言，声明

参考例句：

• I was involved in the preparation of Labour's manifesto.我参与了工党宣言的起草工作。
• His manifesto promised measures to protect them.他在宣言里保证要为他们采取保护措施。

7 killing   

n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财

参考例句：

• Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
• Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。

8 dense   

a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的

参考例句：

• The general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。
• The path was completely covered by the dense foliage. 小路被树叶厚厚地盖了一层。

9 ecosystem   

n.生态系统

参考例句：

• This destroyed the ecosystem of the island.这样破坏了岛上的生态系统。
• We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem.维持生态系统的完整是我们共同的利益。

10 ideology   

n.意识形态，(政治或社会的)思想意识

参考例句：

• The ideology has great influence in the world.这种思想体系在世界上有很大的影响。
• The ideal is to strike a medium between ideology and inspiration.我的理想是在意识思想和灵感鼓动之间找到一个折衷。

11 saga   

n.(尤指中世纪北欧海盗的)故事，英雄传奇

参考例句：

• The saga of Flight 19 is probably the most repeated story about the Bermuda Triangle.飞行19中队的传说或许是有关百慕大三角最重复的故事。
• The novel depicts the saga of a family.小说描绘了一个家族的传奇故事。

12 lyrics   

n.歌词

参考例句：

• music and lyrics by Rodgers and Hart 由罗杰斯和哈特作词作曲
• The book contains lyrics and guitar tablatures for over 100 songs. 这本书有100多首歌的歌词和吉他奏法谱。

13 militants   

激进分子，好斗分子( militant的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The militants have been sporadically fighting the government for years. 几年来，反叛分子一直对政府实施零星的战斗。
• Despite the onslaught, Palestinian militants managed to fire off rockets. 尽管如此，巴勒斯坦的激进分子仍然发射导弹。

14 desperately   

adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地

参考例句：

• He was desperately seeking a way to see her again.他正拼命想办法再见她一面。
• He longed desperately to be back at home.他非常渴望回家。

15 alleged   

a.被指控的，嫌疑的

参考例句：

• It was alleged that he had taken bribes while in office. 他被指称在任时收受贿赂。
• alleged irregularities in the election campaign 被指称竞选运动中的不正当行为

16 atrocities   

n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪

参考例句：

• They were guilty of the most barbarous and inhuman atrocities. 他们犯有最野蛮、最灭绝人性的残暴罪行。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The enemy's atrocities made one boil with anger. 敌人的暴行令人发指。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

17 random   

adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动

参考例句：

• The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。
• On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查，发现肉变质了。

18 irrational   

adj.无理性的，失去理性的

参考例句：

• After taking the drug she became completely irrational.她在吸毒后变得完全失去了理性。
• There are also signs of irrational exuberance among some investors.在某些投资者中是存在非理性繁荣的征象的。

19 isolation   

n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离

参考例句：

• The millionaire lived in complete isolation from the outside world.这位富翁过着与世隔绝的生活。
• He retired and lived in relative isolation.他退休后，生活比较孤寂。

20 organisation   

n.组织，安排，团体，有机休

参考例句：

• The method of his organisation work is worth commending.他的组织工作的方法值得称道。
• His application for membership of the organisation was rejected.他想要加入该组织的申请遭到了拒绝。

21 paradigm   

n.例子，模范，词形变化表

参考例句：

• He had become the paradigm of the successful man. 他已经成为成功人士的典范。
• Moreover,the results of this research can be the new learning paradigm for digital design studios.除此之外，本研究的研究成果也可以为数位设计课程建立一个新的学习范例。

22 anonymous   

adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的

参考例句：

• Sending anonymous letters is a cowardly act.寄匿名信是懦夫的行为。
• The author wishes to remain anonymous.作者希望姓名不公开。

23 poised   

a.摆好姿势不动的

参考例句：

• The hawk poised in mid-air ready to swoop. 老鹰在半空中盘旋，准备俯冲。
• Tina was tense, her hand poised over the telephone. 蒂娜心情紧张，手悬在电话机上。

24 commuter   

n.(尤指市郊之间)乘公交车辆上下班者

参考例句：

• Police cordoned off the road and diverted commuter traffic. 警察封锁了道路并分流交通。
• She accidentally stepped on his foot on a crowded commuter train. 她在拥挤的通勤列车上不小心踩到了他的脚。

25 activists   

n.（政治活动的）积极分子，活动家( activist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
• Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》

26 glamour   

n.魔力，魅力；vt.迷住

参考例句：

• Foreign travel has lost its glamour for her.到国外旅行对她已失去吸引力了。
• The moonlight cast a glamour over the scene.月光给景色增添了魅力。

27 lauded   

v.称赞，赞美( laud的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• They lauded the former president as a hero. 他们颂扬前总统为英雄。 来自辞典例句
• The nervy feats of the mountaineers were lauded. 登山者有勇气的壮举受到赞美。 来自辞典例句

28 hood   

n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖

参考例句：

• She is wearing a red cloak with a hood.她穿着一件红色带兜帽的披风。
• The car hood was dented in.汽车的发动机罩已凹了进去。

29 justified   

a.正当的，有理的

参考例句：

• She felt fully justified in asking for her money back. 她认为有充分的理由要求退款。
• The prisoner has certainly justified his claims by his actions. 那个囚犯确实已用自己的行动表明他的要求是正当的。

30 solitary   

adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士

参考例句：

• I am rather fond of a solitary stroll in the country.我颇喜欢在乡间独自徜徉。
• The castle rises in solitary splendour on the fringe of the desert.这座城堡巍然耸立在沙漠的边际，显得十分壮美。