【简明语法】11.15 过去完成时

1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had¹ +过去分词构成。
那时以前　 那时　现在　　　　　　

2） 用法
　a.　在told, said², knew, heard, thought³等动词后的宾语从句。
　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
　b. 状语从句
　　 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
　　 When the police⁴ arrived, the thieves⁵ had run away.
　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope⁶, wish, expect⁷, think, intend⁸, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
　　 We had hoped⁹ that you would¹⁰ come, but you didn't.

3)　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until¹¹ , when, after, once, as¹² soon as。
　 He said that he had learned¹³ some English before.
　 By the time he was¹⁴ twelve, Edison had began to make a living¹⁵ by himself¹⁶.
　Tom was disappointed¹⁷ that most of the guests¹⁸ had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例题　
　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　
A. had written, left　B，were writing¹⁹, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left
　 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。

注意：　had no … when　　　　　还没等…… 就……
　　　　had no sooner… than　　刚…… 就……
　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold²⁰ it.

1 had   

vbl.have的过去式和过去分词；conj.有

参考例句：

• I just had a good idea!我有个好主意！
• The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。

2 said   

v.动词say的过去式、过去分词

参考例句：

• He said to me that he could not come.他对我说他不能来。
• He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。

3 thought   

n.想法，思想，思维，思潮，关心，挂念；v.vbl.think的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• It was just a thought.这仅仅是一个想法。
• She thought he had a cold.她认为他感冒了。

4 police   

n.警察，警察当局，治安，公安；vt.维持治安，警备，管辖

参考例句：

• They sent him over to the police.他们将他遣送警察局。
• It took the police only several days to break the case.警察只用了几天就破案了。

5 thieves   

n.小偷，窃贼(复数形)

参考例句：

• a nest of thieves 贼窝
• The thieves took the jewels and then cleaned out. 那些贼拿了首饰，匆匆而去。

6 hope   

vt.希望，期望；vi.希望，期待；n.希望，期望

参考例句：

• We hope you can come.我们希望你能来。
• Hope you'll enjoy yourself there.愿您度过愉快的一天。

7 expect   

vt.预期，期待，料想

参考例句：

• Don't expect me to run after you all your life.别指望我伺候你一辈子。
• Don't expect too much of his idea.不要对他的主意期望过高。

8 intend   

vt.想要，打算；打算使…为；意指，意思是

参考例句：

• How long do you intend to stay with the firm?你准备在公司干多久？
• He did not intend paying the bill.他不打算付账。

9 hoped   

v.希望，期望( hope的过去式和过去分词 )；[俚语]相信，认为；希望，盼望，期待

参考例句：

• He hoped they would not feel affronted if they were not invited . 他希望如果他们没有获得邀请也不要感到受辱。
• They hoped to enlist the help of the public in solving the crime. 他们希望寻求公众协助破案。

10 would   

aux.will的过去式；愿，要；常常；大概；将要，会

参考例句：

• Why would you say that?为什么你会这么说？
• Would you please help me?你能帮帮我吗？

11 until   

prep.直到...为止；conj.直到...时才...

参考例句：

• He arrived home until midnight.他直到半夜才到家。
• She didn't sleep until midnight.她直到半夜才睡。

12 as   

conj.按照；如同

参考例句：

• He got work in a hotel as a waiter.他在一家旅馆找到了当服务生的工作。
• In the hotel,the old men were drinking away as usual.在旅馆里，这些老人和往常一样喝个不停。

13 learned   

adj.有学问的，博学的；learn的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He went into a rage when he learned about it.他听到这事后勃然大怒。
• In this little village,he passed for a learned man.在这个小村子里，他被视为有学问的人。

14 was   

v.(is,am的过去式)是，在

参考例句：

• He said he was right.他说他是正确的。
• He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿。

15 living   

adj.活的，活着的，现存的；逼真的，一模一样的；生活的，维持生活的；n.生活，生计

参考例句：

• Nowadays it is very easy to earn a living.现今谋生很容易。
• I'll never forget that as long as I am living.这事我至死也不会忘记。

16 himself   

pron.他自己

参考例句：

• He is proud of himself.他为自己感到自豪。
• He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。

17 disappointed   

adj.失望的，不满意的，不如意的

参考例句：

• He seemed disappointed when the man refused his request.当那个人拒绝了他的要求时他看起来很失望。
• He was disappointed so often that he became hopeless.他屡次失望，以致变为了绝望。

18 guests   

n.客人；来宾；旅客 vt.招待；款待 vi.作客；客人( guest的名词复数 )；旅客；特邀嘉宾；[动物学]客虫

参考例句：

• The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests. 这家旅馆可供500位旅客住宿。
• The guests left in an alcoholic haze. 客人们醉醺醺地离去了。

19 writing   

n.写，写作；著作，文学作品

参考例句：

• I am also writing a short story.我也写短篇小说。
• Do you like writing for children?你愿意为儿童写作吗？

20 sold   

v.动词sell的过去式、过去分词

参考例句：

• John's house was sold to a Frenchman.约翰的房子卖给了一个法国人。
• This kind of books is sold by all booksellers.所有的书商都出售这种书。