经济学人29:代价高昂的铁证

 　　Finance and Economics；The LIBOR probes; An expensive smoking gun;

　　财经；伦敦银行间拆放款利率调查；代价高昂的铁证；

　　Court documents shed light on how LIBOR was allegedly manipulated;

　　法院公文阐明伦敦银行间拆放款利率是如何涉嫌操纵；

　　It is supposed to be constructed using banks' own honest estimates of what it costs for them to borrow money. But regulators around the world suspect that LIBOR (the London inter-bank offered rate), a financial benchmark that is set every day by collating² these estimates, has been subject to manipulation. Little information has been publicly released by the regulators that are investigating. But Canadian and American legal documents seen by The Economist³ paint a picture of what is alleged¹. It is not pretty.

　　银行自己诚实的估算其借贷成本本是很有建设性的。但世界各地的监管机构怀疑伦敦银行间拆放款利率，这一根据估算结果而每天确立的金融基准涉嫌操纵。负责调查的监管机构并没有公开过多内幕。但是《经济学人》了解到的加拿大和美国的法律公文描述了这些未经证实的指控，说的有些不堪入耳。

　　Suspicions that something was wrong with LIBOR were aroused in 2008 when financial risks began to pick up but the benchmark, which ought to have ticked upwards⁴ too, did not move. That same year a group of American academics circulated a paper showing that banks' individual estimates of their borrowing costs were surprisingly close, given their different levels of risk. That suggested something fishy⁵ but was not conclusive⁶ proof, according to Rosa Abrantes-Metz of New York University Stern School of Business, one of the paper's authors.

　　对伦敦银行间拆放款利率的指控在2008年就有了，当时金融危机开始抬头，但本应一同上涨的利率基准却没有变化。同一年，在一群美国学者间转播着的一篇文章显示，考虑到不同程度的风险，银行出人意料的停止了自己的借款成本估算。这就验证了可疑的，但又未经证实的证据，文章作者之一，纽约大学斯特恩商学院的Rosa Abrantes-Metz称。

　　A case brought by the Canadian Competition Bureau provides harder evidence that some banks' submissions⁷ were being manipulated. The court documents suggest that a group of traders regularly contacted one another to discuss how to influence the yen⁸ LIBOR rate. If true, that would have breached⁹ two principles. One is that traders from different banks should not be aligning¹⁰ their positions in this way. The other is that traders are supposed to be separated from staff within the same bank who estimate LIBOR.

　　加拿大竞争管理局的一个案例提供了说明一些银行的申报书被篡改的铁证。法院公文称一些交易员定期联系另外一些交易员来商讨如何改变日元拆借利率。如果情况属实，那么就违反了两项原则。其一是不同银行的交易员不应该以这种方式调整他们的仓位。另一点是交易员本应该和同家银行负责估算伦敦银行间拆放款利率的交易员分离开。

　　The case filing summarises messages sent by “Trader A”, an employee of an unnamed whistle-blowing bank. Many institutions are implicated¹¹ in the document but the following excerpt¹² cites RBS to show how the alleged scheme worked:

　　这个满是总结性信息的案例是由“交易员甲”，一名匿名揭发银行内幕的雇员提供的。该文书称许多机构涉嫌操纵，但接下来的一段摘录引用到苏格兰皇家银行显示了所谓的方案是如何实施的：

　　“Trader A explained to one RBS IRD trader who his collusive contacts were and how he had and was going to manipulate Yen LIBOR. Trader A also communicated his trading positions, his desire for a certain movement in Yen LIBOR and gave instructions for the RBS IRD trader to get RBS to make Yen LIBOR submissions consistent with Trader A's wishes. The RBS IRD trader acknowledged these communications and confirmed that he would follow through. Trader A and the RBS IRD trader also entered into transactions that aligned¹³ their trading interests in regards to Yen LIBOR.”

　　“交易员甲向一位苏格兰皇家银行税务交易员交代其同伙是谁和他曾经和即将如何操纵日元拆借利率。交易员甲也告知了他的交易仓位，他是如何渴望调整日元拆借利率并指使苏格兰皇家银行税务交易员说服皇家银行，让日元拆借利率与交易员甲的期望值一致。税务员得到这些指示，确认他会依照行事。交易员甲和税务员也在关于日元拆借交易方面的贸易利息上进行交易。”

　　RBS says that it has “legal and factual defences” against such claims.

　　苏格兰皇家银行称其有“合法的事实依据”为其平反。

　　The Canadian case opens a window into how LIBOR manipulation may have happened. Civil cases brought by banks' customers in America suggest who might have suffered if the rate was being gamed.

　　加拿大案例为调查伦敦银行操纵间拆放款利率的经过提供了线索。在美国由银行客户起诉的民事案件表明如果利率被操纵，谁会是受害者。

　　These cases can be grouped into four types, according to Bill Butterfield and Anthony Maton of Hausfeld, a law firm. First, there are large individual investment firms seeking damages on their own. The other three types of case are brought by customers acting¹⁴ as groups. One group includes traders who were on the wrong side of LIBOR bets. A second group includes investors¹⁵ in large companies' LIBOR-linked debt who may have lost out on interest payments if LIBOR was set too low.

　　根据Hausfeld的一家名为Bill Butterfield and Anthony Maton的法律公司称，这些案例可以归为四类。第一类是，大型的个人投资公司自己寻求赔偿。剩下的三类是客户团体提出的。其中一组包括在伦敦银行间拆放款利率上判断错误的交易员们。第二组是负担与该利率有关联的债务的大公司的投资商，如果拆放款利率定的过低，他们就会失去支付利息的能力。

　　The final group is made up of customers that bought interest-rate swaps¹⁷ from banks. This group includes the city of Baltimore, which is represented by Hausfeld and whose case is especially revealing.

　　最后的一组是由和银行交换利率的客户组成。这一组包括巴尔的摩市，其代表是Hausfeld和那些被揭露案例的银行。

　　American cities borrow to finance the construction of large-scale public works like roads and sewerage systems. They can borrow most cheaply at floating rates but this option lacks the stability that fixed¹⁸-rate borrowing gives. Swaps can help them get the best of both worlds. The city first borrows at a low floating rate. It then buys an interest-rate swap¹⁶ from a bank. Under the swap deal it receives a LIBOR floating rate which cancels out the payments it must make to investors in its debt. In exchange the city pays the bank a fixed rate.

　　美国的城市借钱来资助大型公共工程建设，比如道路和排水系统。它们在浮动利率较低的时候买入，但这个买卖特权缺乏像固定利率借款所具备的稳定性。利率掉期可以帮助它们两者兼得。市政府首先在浮动利率低时借款，然后利率掉期时从银行买入。在掉期交易时，它得到伦敦银行间拆放款浮动利率，就可以抵消掉它必须要还清投资者当初支付的债务。于是交易时，市政府按固定利率给银行还款。

　　Baltimore entered into over $100m in interest-rate swaps, according to case documents. Lower LIBOR-linked payments to the city would have meant less money to cover the outgoing fixed-rate payments. If LIBOR was artificially suppressed, the city would have been losing millions annually¹⁹.

　　根据案例文书所称，巴尔的摩在利率掉期时投入了1亿美元。市政府低间拆放款利率的付款意味着用更少的钱来填补外向固定利率的付款。如果伦敦银行间拆放款利率被人为的制止住，那么该城市每年将损失数百万美元。

　　If the case is upheld, damages could be big. The American cases are being pursued under “class action” litigation. This means that if Baltimore's case is upheld other cities sold the same products will also be able to claim damages. Across America 40 states allow municipalities to enter into swap agreements. The total estimated amount in 2010 was $250 billion-500 billion, according to an IMF paper. What's more, cases are being brought under the Sherman Act, America's antitrust law, which allows for triple damages. Assume the worst and damages for American cities alone could go as high as $40 billion.

　　如果该案例胜诉，损失就是巨大的。美国的案例是被集体诉讼所追究的，这意味着，如果巴尔的摩案例胜诉，其他销售同类产品的城市就可以要求赔偿损失。美国的40个州允许市政公债签订通货互换协定。根据世界货币基金组织的文件称，2010年的总估算量是2.5亿-5亿美元。而且，被纳入美国反垄断法《谢尔曼法》的案件允许三重损害。如果做最坏的估算，会给美国城市带来高达400亿美元的损失。

1 alleged   

a.被指控的，嫌疑的

参考例句：

• It was alleged that he had taken bribes while in office. 他被指称在任时收受贿赂。
• alleged irregularities in the election campaign 被指称竞选运动中的不正当行为

2 collating   

v.校对( collate的现在分词 )；整理；核对；整理（文件或书等）

参考例句：

• An invalid collating element was specified in a [[. name. ]] block. 块中指定了非法的对照元素。 来自互联网
• Selected collating sequence not supported by the operating system. 操作系统不支持选择的排序序列。 来自互联网

3 economist   

n.经济学家，经济专家，节俭的人

参考例句：

• He cast a professional economist's eyes on the problem.他以经济学行家的眼光审视这个问题。
• He's an economist who thinks he knows all the answers.他是个经济学家，自以为什么都懂。

4 upwards   

adv.向上，在更高处...以上

参考例句：

• The trend of prices is still upwards.物价的趋向是仍在上涨。
• The smoke rose straight upwards.烟一直向上升。

5 fishy   

adj. 值得怀疑的

参考例句：

• It all sounds very fishy to me.所有这些在我听起来都很可疑。
• There was definitely something fishy going on.肯定当时有可疑的事情在进行中。

6 conclusive   

adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的

参考例句：

• They produced some fairly conclusive evidence.他们提供了一些相当确凿的证据。
• Franklin did not believe that the French tests were conclusive.富兰克林不相信这个法国人的实验是结论性的。

7 submissions   

n.提交( submission的名词复数 )；屈从；归顺；向法官或陪审团提出的意见或论据

参考例句：

• The deadline for submissions to the competition will be Easter 1994. 递交参赛申请的截止时间为1994年的复活节。 来自辞典例句
• Section 556(d) allows the agency to substitute written submissions for oral direct testimony in rulemaking. 第五百五十六条第（四）款准允行政机关在规则制定中用书面提交材料替代口头的直接证言。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法

8 yen   

n. 日元；热望

参考例句：

• He wanted to convert his dollars into Japanese yen.他想将美元换成日币。
• He has a yen to be alone in a boat.他渴望独自呆在一条船上。

9 breached   

攻破( breach的现在分词 )； 破坏，违反

参考例句：

• These commitments have already been breached. 这些承诺已遭背弃。
• Our tanks have breached the enemy defences. 我方坦克车突破了敌人的防线。

10 aligning   

n. (直线)对准 动词align的现在分词形式

参考例句：

• There are signs that the prime minister is aligning himself with the liberals. 有迹象表明首相正在与自由党人结盟。
• ToolTips provide textual hints that assist in drawing lines and aligning objects. 工具提示提供了协助画线和对象对齐的文本提示。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

11 implicated   

adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的

参考例句：

• These groups are very strongly implicated in the violence. 这些组织与这起暴力事件有着极大的关联。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Having the stolen goods in his possession implicated him in the robbery. 因藏有赃物使他涉有偷盗的嫌疑。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

12 excerpt   

n.摘录，选录，节录

参考例句：

• This is an excerpt from a novel.这是一部小说的摘录。
• Can you excerpt something from the newspaper? 你能从报纸上选录些东西吗？

13 aligned   

adj.对齐的，均衡的

参考例句：

• Make sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the cupboard.务必使搁架与橱柜顶端对齐。

14 acting   

n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的

参考例句：

• Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她，她只是假装的。
• During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代，她的表演生涯黯然失色。

15 investors   

n.投资者，出资者( investor的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a con man who bilked investors out of millions of dollars 诈取投资者几百万元的骗子
• a cash bonanza for investors 投资者的赚钱机会

16 swap   

n.交换；vt.交换，用...作交易

参考例句：

• I will swap you my bicycle for your radio.我想拿我的自行车换你的收音机。
• This comic was a swap that I got from Nick.这本漫画书是我从尼克那里换来的。

17 swaps   

交换( swap的名词复数 )； 交换物，被掉换者

参考例句：

• He swaps his old car for a new motorcycle. 他用旧车换了一辆新摩托车。 来自英汉 - 翻译样例 - 口语
• Swaps the anchor and end points of the current selection. 交换当前所选内容的定位点和结束点。

18 fixed   

adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的

参考例句：

• Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？
• Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。

19 annually   

adv.一年一次，每年

参考例句：

• Many migratory birds visit this lake annually.许多候鸟每年到这个湖上作短期逗留。
• They celebrate their wedding anniversary annually.他们每年庆祝一番结婚纪念日。