经济学人:自由交换 美墨两国的经济隔阂比墙还厚(上)

 　　Finance and economic: Free exchange: Better than a wall

　　财经：自由交换：美墨两国的经济隔阂比墙还厚

　　Understanding NAFTA, a disappointing but under-appreciated trade deal.

　　理解北美自由贸易协定——一个令人失望而又被低估的贸易协定。

　　The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has long been a populist punchbag.

　　北美自由贸易协定一直以来，都被当作民粹主义者的攻击目标。

　　美墨两国的经济隔阂比墙还厚.jpeg

　　In the American presidential campaign of 1992, Ross Perot—an oddball Texas billionaire and independent candidate—claimed to hear a “giant sucking sound” as Mexico prepared to hoover up American jobs.

　　在1992年美国总统大选时，罗斯佩罗——得克萨斯州一位性格古怪的亿万富翁，同时也是1992年美国总统大选的无党派候选人——声称在墨西哥准备好掠夺美国的工作机会时，他仿佛听到了 “巨大的吮吸声”。

　　Since its enactment¹, right-wing conspiracy² theorists have speculated that NAFTA is merely a first step towards “North American Union”, and the swapping³ of the almighty⁴ dollar for the “amero”.

　　自从北美自由贸易协定签订以来，右翼阴谋论者就在猜测NAFTA只是迈向“北美联盟”的第一步，并且还将用阿梅罗(北美联合货币)来代替无所不能的美元。

　　Donald Trump⁵, who plans to renegotiate (or scrap) the deal, mined a rich vein⁶ of anti-NAFTA sentiment during his campaign, calling it “the single worst trade deal ever approved in this country”.

　　川普在竞选活动中已然利用了民众反北美联盟的情绪，他宣称这是“这个国家通过的最为糟糕的贸易协定”，而他现在正准备重新商定(或者说废除)该贸易协定。

　　Even NAFTA’s cheerleaders (a more reticent⁷ bunch) might concede that the deal has fallen short of their expectations.

　　即使是NAFTA的支持者(一个更为缄默的人群)也不得不承认这份贸易协定未能达到他们的预期。

　　But it is in none of the signatories’ interests to rip it up or roll it back.

　　但没有一个签署国愿意去撕毁协定或者降低它的效力。

　　America and Canada opened talks on a free-trade area with Mexico in 1990, shortly after securing their own bilateral⁸ deal, and it was bringing in Mexico that proved so contentious⁹ in America.

　　在美国和加拿大在达成双边协定后不久，1990年，他们又与墨西哥就“自由贸易区”展开了会谈，打算将墨西哥这个地理位置有争议的美洲国家纳入自由贸易区。

　　When NAFTA took effect in 1994, it eliminated tariffs¹⁰ on more than half of its members’ industrial products.

　　1994年北美自由贸易区(NAFTA)生效后，超过半数的成员国的工业制品都被免除关税。

　　Over the next 15 years the deal eliminated tariffs on all industrial and agricultural goods.

　　在接下来的15年间，这份贸易协定免除了所有工业制品和农产品的关税。

　　(The three economies would have further liberalized trade within the Trans-Pacific Partnership¹¹, which Mr Trump scotched¹² in one of his first acts as president. )

　　(这三个经济体本可以在泛太平洋合作伙伴框架下进一步开放贸易，然而特朗普先生却在他当上总统后立马将其取缔。)

　　Americans hoped lower trade barriers would foster growth in cross-border supply chains—a “Factory North America” —to rival those in Europe and Asia.

　　美国希望更低的贸易壁垒可以促进跨境供应链，即所谓的“北美工厂”的发展，以便与欧洲和亚洲的竞争者抗衡。

　　By moving parts of their supply chains to Mexico, where labor¹³ costs were low, American firms reckoned they could cut costs and improve their global competitiveness.

　　美国公司认为，通过把部分供应链转向劳动力成本低廉的墨西哥，他们可以降低成本，提高全球竞争力。

　　American consumers might also benefit from cheaper goods.

　　美国的消费者也可以从较为低廉的商品中受惠。

　　For its part, Mexico sought improved access to America’s massive market, and sturdier positions for its firms within those North American supply chains.

　　就墨西哥自身而言，它找到了一种进入美国巨大市场的更好途径，并巩固了它在北美供应链中的地位。

　　Both countries hoped the deal would boost Mexico’s economy, raising living standards and stanching¹⁴ the flow of migrants northward¹⁵.

　　美墨两国都希望北美自由贸易协定可以振兴墨西哥经济，提高墨国人民生活水平，并在一定程度上遏制移民进入美国。

　　NAFTA was no disaster.

　　北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)并不是什么坏事。

　　Two decades on, North America is more economically integrated.

　　20年以来，北美地区在经济上更为交融。

　　Trade between America and Mexico has risen from 1.3% of combined GDP in 1994 to 2.5% in 2015.

　　美国和墨西哥两国的贸易额从1994年仅占两国总国内生产总值的1.3%上升至2015年的占比2.5%。

　　Mexico’s real income per person, on a purchasing-power- parity¹⁶ basis, has risen from about $10,000 in 1994 to $19,000.

　　在购买力平价的假设下，墨西哥人均实际收入从1994年的10000美元增长至19000美元。

　　The number of Mexicans migrating to America has fallen from about half a million a year to almost none.

　　移民至美国的墨西哥人口数也从每年大约50多万人下降至几乎为零。

　　And yet the deal has disappointed in many ways.

　　但是，这份贸易协定还是有些不尽如人意的地方。

　　Mexican incomes are no higher, as a share of those in America, than they were in 1994.

　　1994年以来，墨西哥人均收入所占美国人均收入的比例几乎没有增长。

　　(Chinese incomes rose from about 6% of those in America to 27% during that time. )

　　(形成对照的是，中国人均收入占美国人均收入之比从6%上升至27%。)

　　Estimates suggest that the deal left Americans as a whole a bit better off.

　　计划是北美贸易协定会使美洲这一个整体经济状况越来越好。

　　But the gains have proved too small, and too unevenly¹⁷ distributed, to spare it continued criticism.

　　但是事实是，该协定产生的利收益太少，且利益分布太不均衡，以至于它一直以来都遭受批评和指责。

　　1.trade deal 贸易协议

　　例句:They have been negotiating a bilateral trade deal.

　　他们一直在商谈一项双边贸易协定。

　　2.better off 富裕的；状况良好的

　　例句:He's much better off than before.

　　他手头比过去宽多了。

　　3.free-trade area 自由贸易区

　　例句:America and South Korea agreed on a plan to form a free-trade area.

　　美国和南韩之间就设置自由贸易区达成协议。

　　4.access to 接近

　　例句:They now have access to the mass markets of Japan and the UK.

　　他们现在进入了日本和英国的大众市场。

1 enactment   

n.演出，担任…角色；制订，通过

参考例句：

• Enactment refers to action.演出指行为的表演。
• We support the call for the enactment of a Bill of Rights.我们支持要求通过《权利法案》的呼声。

2 conspiracy   

n.阴谋，密谋，共谋

参考例句：

• The men were found guilty of conspiracy to murder.这些人被裁决犯有阴谋杀人罪。
• He claimed that it was all a conspiracy against him.他声称这一切都是一场针对他的阴谋。

3 swapping   

交换，交换技术

参考例句：

• The slow swapping and buying of horses went on. 马匹的买卖和交换就是这样慢慢地进行着。
• He was quite keen on swapping books with friends. 他非常热衷于和朋友们交换书籍。

4 almighty   

adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的

参考例句：

• Those rebels did not really challenge Gods almighty power.这些叛徒没有对上帝的全能力量表示怀疑。
• It's almighty cold outside.外面冷得要命。

5 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

6 vein   

n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络

参考例句：

• The girl is not in the vein for singing today.那女孩今天没有心情唱歌。
• The doctor injects glucose into the patient's vein.医生把葡萄糖注射入病人的静脉。

7 reticent   

adj.沉默寡言的；言不如意的

参考例句：

• He was reticent about his opinion.他有保留意见。
• He was extremely reticent about his personal life.他对自己的个人生活讳莫如深。

8 bilateral   

adj.双方的，两边的，两侧的

参考例句：

• They have been negotiating a bilateral trade deal.他们一直在商谈一项双边贸易协定。
• There was a wide gap between the views of the two statesmen on the bilateral cooperation.对双方合作的问题，两位政治家各自所持的看法差距甚大。

9 contentious   

adj.好辩的，善争吵的

参考例句：

• She was really not of the contentious fighting sort.她委实不是好吵好闹的人。
• Since then they have tended to steer clear of contentious issues.从那时起，他们总想方设法避开有争议的问题。

10 tariffs   

关税制度； 关税( tariff的名词复数 )； 关税表； （旅馆或饭店等的）收费表； 量刑标准

参考例句：

• British industry was sheltered from foreign competition by protective tariffs. 保护性关税使英国工业免受国际竞争影响。
• The new tariffs have put a stranglehold on trade. 新的关税制对开展贸易极为不利。

11 partnership   

n.合作关系，伙伴关系

参考例句：

• The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
• Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。

12 scotched   

v.阻止( scotch的过去式和过去分词 )；制止（车轮）转动；弄伤；镇压

参考例句：

• Plans for a merger have been scotched. 合并计划停止实行。
• The rebellion was scotched by government forces. 政府军已把叛乱镇压下去。 来自辞典例句

13 labor   

n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦

参考例句：

• We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
• He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

14 stanching   

v.使（伤口）止血( stanch的现在分词 )；止（血）；使不漏；使不流失

参考例句：

15 northward   

adv.向北；n.北方的地区

参考例句：

• He pointed his boat northward.他将船驶向北方。
• I would have a chance to head northward quickly.我就很快有机会去北方了。

16 parity   

n.平价，等价，比价，对等

参考例句：

• The two currencies have now reached parity.这两种货币现已达到同等价值。
• Women have yet to achieve wage or occupational parity in many fields.女性在很多领域还没能争取到薪金、职位方面的平等。

17 unevenly   

adv.不均匀的

参考例句：

• Fuel resources are very unevenly distributed. 燃料资源分布很不均匀。
• The cloth is dyed unevenly. 布染花了。