2023年经济学人 战争的艺术（1）

　　Culture

　　文化板块

　　The art of war: Heart of darkness

　　战争的艺术：黑暗之心

　　Francisco Goya’s vision of war is as urgent and powerful as ever

　　弗朗西斯科·戈雅描绘的战争一如既往，既有力又能体现出紧迫性

　　The line of drably uniformed infantrymen, rifles aimed, forms a forceful diagonal across the right side of the painting, a machine of terror.

　　身穿单调制服，手持步枪瞄准，这样的一排士兵在画的右侧形成了一条强有力的对角线，这就是一台恐怖机器。

　　Their target is a terrified rebel in a white shirt, his arms flung upwards¹ in vulnerability and defiance², imitating Christ on the cross.

　　他们的目标是一名身穿白色衬衫的受惊叛军，他的手臂向上挥舞着，表现出脆弱和反抗，这是在模仿十字架上的基督。

　　His comrades cover their faces.

　　他的同志们捂着脸。

　　Several already lie inert³ on the ground in pools of blood.

　　有几个人已经躺在地上的血泊中，一动不动。

　　The subject of Francisco Goya’s “The Third of May 1808”, also known as “The Executions”, is the reprisals⁴ exacted by Napoleon’s troops after a rebellion by the populace of Madrid, portrayed⁵ in a companion painting, all slashing⁶ daggers⁷ and sabres.

　　弗朗西斯科·戈雅的作品《1808年5月3日夜枪杀起义者》，也被称为《处决》，主题是马德里民众起义后拿破仑军队实施的报复，戈雅在一幅配图中描绘了民众起义的画面，画中的所有人都在砍击匕首和军刀。

　　Yet it is also a universal indictment⁸ of violence.

　　然而，这也是对暴力的普遍控诉。

　　“It’s a work of today, of Ukraine, of all wars,” says Gudrun Maurer of the Prado museum in Madrid, where it hangs.

　　马德里普拉多博物馆的古德伦·毛雷尔说：“这幅作品反映了今天，反映了乌克兰，反映了所有战争。”

　　“You could put it in a square in Kyiv and people would understand it.”

　　“你可以把这幅画放在基辅的广场上，人们会懂的。”

　　Almost two centuries after his death Goya seems ever more contemporary, especially amid a war in Europe.

　　在戈雅去世近两个世纪后，现代的人似乎更能与他产生共鸣，特别是在欧洲的一场战争期间。

　　He was not the first war artist but no one has captured its horrors more powerfully.

　　他并非第一位战争艺术家，但没有人能比他更有力地体现出战争的恐怖。

　　Many of his concerns—the exploitation of women, mental health, human rights and the treatment of prisoners, the power of false beliefs and fake news—resonate today.

　　他的许多关切--对女性的剥削、心理健康、人权和囚犯待遇、错误信仰和虚假新闻的力量--都在今天引起了共鸣。

　　He was the first Western artist to paint his own ideas, visions, dreams and nightmares, not just external realities.

　　他是第一个描绘自己的想法、愿景、梦想和噩梦的西方艺术家，而不仅仅是描绘外部现实。

　　In other words, he was “the first Modernist”, as Robert Hughes, an art critic, called him, and the first Expressionist.

　　换句话说，他是艺术评论家罗伯特·休斯所称的“第一个现代主义者”，也是第一个表现主义者。

　　His eye is searching, often compassionate⁹ and ultimately bleak¹⁰.

　　他的眼睛一直在探索，眼神中经常充满了同情，但最终还是黯淡无光的。

　　Not surprisingly, Goya is in fashion, though he has rarely been out of it.

　　不出所料，戈雅合于时代，尽管他很少过时。

　　The Fondation Beyeler in Basel staged a rare blockbuster show devoted¹² to him in 2021.

　　巴塞尔的贝勒耶基金会在2021年为他举办了一场罕见的大型展览。

　　Next summer an exhibition in Oslo will pair works by Goya with those of Edvard Munch¹³, whose masterpiece “The Scream” echoes some of the Spaniard’s images.

　　明年夏天，奥斯陆的一场展览将把戈雅的作品与爱德华·蒙克的作品配对展出，后者的杰作《呐喊》与戈雅的一些作品相呼应。

　　For several contemporary artists, such as Jake and Dinos Chapman, Emily Lombardo and Michael Armitage, Goya is a direct point of reference.

　　对于查普曼兄弟、艾米莉·隆巴多和迈克尔·阿米蒂奇等几位当代艺术家来说，戈雅也是一个直接的参考标准。

　　Last year Philippe Parreno, a French video artist, released “La Quinta del Sordo”, a 40-minute film showing Goya’s late “Black Paintings” in swirling¹⁴ hyper-close-ups, set to a soundtrack of interplanetary roars and moans.

　　去年，法国视频艺术家菲利普·帕雷诺发行了一部40分钟的电影《聋人屋》，这部电影以旋转的超特写镜头展示了戈雅晚年创作的《黑色绘画》，配乐是星际间的咆哮和呻吟。

　　The effect is ghoulish and mesmeric.

　　其效果令人毛骨悚然，又令人着迷。

　　Two Goya portraits will be auctioned¹⁵ at Christie’s in January; they seem guaranteed to smash the record price for his work, currently $7.8m.

　　两幅戈雅画像将于明年1月在佳士得拍卖行拍卖；现在看来，它们肯定会打破其作品的最高价格纪录，目前为780万美元。

　　Goya was an extraordinarily¹⁶ versatile¹⁷ and innovative¹⁸ artist who lived a long life, dying in 1828 aged¹¹ 82 in voluntary exile in Bordeaux.

　　戈雅是一位多才多艺、富有创新精神的艺术家，他很长寿，于1828年在波尔多自愿流放时去世，享年82岁。

　　He was born in a village near Zaragoza to middle-class parents, his father a professional gilder¹⁹.

　　他出生在萨拉戈萨附近的一个村庄，父母是中产阶级，他的父亲是一名职业镀金工人。

　　He was ambitious—and supremely²⁰ confident of his abilities.

　　他雄心勃勃，对自己的能力非常自信。

　　Moving to Madrid, he became court painter to three successive monarchs²¹ and director of painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts.

　　搬到马德里后，他先后成为了三位君主的宫廷画家和皇家艺术学院的绘画总监。

　　His early work included the religious paintings that were obligatory²² for a budding artist.

　　他的早期作品包括宗教绘画，这对初出茅庐的艺术家来说是必不可少的。

　　A breakthrough came with commissions for scores of cartoons for the royal tapestry²³ factory portraying²⁴ scenes of Spanish life.

　　随后，他受托为皇家挂毯厂绘制了大量描绘西班牙生活场景的样稿，就此迎来了突破。

　　He became an insightful and sought-after portraitist.

　　他成为了一名有洞察力且受欢迎的肖像画家。

　　But he retained a lifelong appreciation²⁵ of demotic²⁶ tastes—bullfighting, hunting, the fiesta—even as he made friends among the intellectuals of the Spanish Enlightenment.

　　但他一生都保持着对大众趣味的欣赏--斗牛、狩猎、宗教节日--即使在他与西班牙启蒙运动时期的知识分子结交时也是如此。

　　His knowledge of those contrasting worlds, and affection for them, gave him a unique understanding when they came into conflict.

　　他对这些截然不同的世界的了解，以及对它们的喜爱，使他在它们发生冲突时有了独特的理解。

　　“His art is always aimed at more than one side,” says Ms Maurer.

　　“他的艺术永远不止着眼于一个方面，”毛雷尔说。

1 upwards   

adv.向上，在更高处...以上

参考例句：

• The trend of prices is still upwards.物价的趋向是仍在上涨。
• The smoke rose straight upwards.烟一直向上升。

2 defiance   

n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗

参考例句：

• He climbed the ladder in defiance of the warning.他无视警告爬上了那架梯子。
• He slammed the door in a spirit of defiance.他以挑衅性的态度把门砰地一下关上。

3 inert   

adj.无活动能力的，惰性的；迟钝的

参考例句：

• Inert gas studies are providing valuable information about other planets,too.对惰性气体的研究，也提供了有关其它行星的有价值的资料。
• Elemental nitrogen is a very unreactive and inert material.元素氮是一个十分不活跃的惰性物质。

4 reprisals   

n.报复（行为）( reprisal的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They did not want to give evidence for fear of reprisals. 他们因为害怕报复而不想作证。
• They took bloody reprisals against the leaders. 他们对领导进行了血腥的报复。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 portrayed   

v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画

参考例句：

• Throughout the trial, he portrayed himself as the victim. 在审讯过程中，他始终把自己说成是受害者。
• The author portrayed his father as a vicious drunkard. 作者把他父亲描绘成一个可恶的酒鬼。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

6 slashing   

adj.尖锐的；苛刻的；鲜明的；乱砍的v.挥砍( slash的现在分词 )；鞭打；割破；削减

参考例句：

• Slashing is the first process in which liquid treatment is involved. 浆纱是液处理的第一过程。 来自辞典例句
• He stopped slashing his horse. 他住了手，不去鞭打他的马了。 来自辞典例句

7 daggers   

匕首，短剑( dagger的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• I will speak daggers to her, but use none. 我要用利剑一样的话刺痛她的心，但绝不是真用利剑。
• The world lives at daggers drawn in a cold war. 世界在冷战中剑拨弩张。

8 indictment   

n.起诉；诉状

参考例句：

• He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。
• They issued an indictment against them.他们起诉了他们。

9 compassionate   

adj.有同情心的，表示同情的

参考例句：

• She is a compassionate person.她是一个有同情心的人。
• The compassionate judge gave the young offender a light sentence.慈悲的法官从轻判处了那个年轻罪犯。

10 bleak   

adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的

参考例句：

• They showed me into a bleak waiting room.他们引我来到一间阴冷的会客室。
• The company's prospects look pretty bleak.这家公司的前景异常暗淡。

11 aged   

adj.年老的，陈年的

参考例句：

• He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了，也老点了。
• He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老，然而记忆力还好。

12 devoted   

adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的

参考例句：

• He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。

13 munch   

v.用力嚼，大声咀嚼

参考例句：

• We watched her munch through two packets of peanuts.我们看她津津有味地嚼了两包花生米。
• Getting them to munch on vegetable dishes was more difficult.使他们吃素菜就比较困难了。

14 swirling   

v.旋转，打旋( swirl的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Snowflakes were swirling in the air. 天空飘洒着雪花。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• She smiled, swirling the wine in her glass. 她微笑着，旋动着杯子里的葡萄酒。 来自辞典例句

15 auctioned   

v.拍卖( auction的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• It was sad to see all grandmother's lovely things being auctioned off. 眼看着祖母那些可爱的东西全都被拍卖掉，心里真不好受。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• TV franchises will be auctioned to the highest bidder. 电视特许经营权将拍卖给出价最高的投标人。 来自《简明英汉词典》

16 extraordinarily   

adv.格外地；极端地

参考例句：

• She is an extraordinarily beautiful girl.她是个美丽非凡的姑娘。
• The sea was extraordinarily calm that morning.那天清晨，大海出奇地宁静。

17 versatile   

adj.通用的，万用的；多才多艺的，多方面的

参考例句：

• A versatile person is often good at a number of different things.多才多艺的人通常擅长许多种不同的事情。
• He had been one of the game's most versatile athletes.他是这项运动中技术最全面的运动员之一。

18 innovative   

adj.革新的，新颖的，富有革新精神的

参考例句：

• Discover an innovative way of marketing.发现一个创新的营销方式。
• He was one of the most creative and innovative engineers of his generation.他是他那代人当中最富创造性与革新精神的工程师之一。

19 gilder   

镀金工人

参考例句：

20 supremely   

adv.无上地，崇高地

参考例句：

• They managed it all supremely well. 这件事他们干得极其出色。
• I consider a supremely beautiful gesture. 我觉得这是非常优雅的姿态。

21 monarchs   

君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Monarchs ruled England for centuries. 世袭君主统治英格兰有许多世纪。
• Serving six monarchs of his native Great Britain, he has served all men's freedom and dignity. 他在大不列颠本国为六位君王服务，也为全人类的自由和尊严服务。 来自演讲部分

22 obligatory   

adj.强制性的，义务的，必须的

参考例句：

• It is obligatory for us to obey the laws.我们必须守法。
• It is obligatory on every citizen to safeguard our great motherland.保卫我们伟大的祖国是每一个公民应尽的义务。

23 tapestry   

n.挂毯，丰富多采的画面

参考例句：

• How about this artistic tapestry and this cloisonne vase?这件艺术挂毯和这个景泰蓝花瓶怎么样？
• The wall of my living room was hung with a tapestry.我的起居室的墙上挂着一块壁毯。

24 portraying   

v.画像( portray的现在分词 )；描述；描绘；描画

参考例句：

• The artist has succeeded in portraying my father to the life. 那位画家把我的父亲画得惟妙惟肖。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Ding Ling was good at portraying figures through careful and refined description of human psychology. 《莎菲女士的日记》是丁玲的成名作，曾引起强烈的社会反响。 来自汉英文学 - 中国现代小说

25 appreciation   

n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨

参考例句：

• I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to you all.我想对你们所有人表达我的感激和谢意。
• I'll be sending them a donation in appreciation of their help.我将送给他们一笔捐款以感谢他们的帮助。

26 demotic   

adj. 民众的，通俗的；n.（古埃及）通俗文字

参考例句：

• It is television's demotic style of language.这是电视通俗的语言风格。
• The socioligist maintained that a demotic society would lower the nation's standards.这个社会学家认为平民社会会降低国家的素质。