2023年经济学人 战争的艺术（2）

　　From the 1790s, two things happened to turn Goya into the artist so admired today.

　　从17世纪90年代起，有两件事让戈雅成为了今天如此受人钦佩的艺术家。

　　One was a mysterious illness, possibly lead poisoning from his paints, that left him deaf.

　　其中一件事是一种神秘的疾病，可能是颜料导致的铅中毒，这导致他失聪了。

　　That caused him to look inwards.

　　这让他开始向内观察。

　　His paintings began to deal with beliefs and transgressions¹.

　　他的画开始涉及信仰和违法行为。

　　A great colourist, his canvases became almost monochrome, dominated by blacks and browns.

　　他是一名伟大的色彩画家，可他的油画几乎从此变成了单色，以黑色和棕色为主。

　　One series denounced violence against women.

　　他的一个画作系列谴责了针对妇女的暴力行为。

　　Paintings now in the Academy detailed² fanaticism³ in flagellants and the Inquisition, the phenomenon of witchcraft⁴, the plight⁵ of prisoners and fantasies of the madhouse that mocked the “normal” world.

　　现在位于该学院的画作细致描绘了鞭笞者和宗教法庭中的狂热、巫术现象、囚犯的困境以及嘲弄“正常”世界的疯人院的幻想。

　　Goya also became a prolific⁶ printmaker.

　　戈雅也成为了一位多产的版画家。

　　In “Los Caprichos” (“The Caprices”) he lampooned⁷ the church and social hypocrisies⁸.

　　在《突发奇想》中，他讽刺了教会和社会的虚伪。

　　The second turning-point was the French revolution, with which he sympathised, and Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and the long Peninsular war that followed.

　　第二个转折点是他同情的法国大革命，以及拿破仑入侵西班牙和随后的漫长半岛战争。

　　The ensuing brutality⁹ forced him to review his ideas.

　　随之而来的暴行迫使他重新审视自己的想法。

　　“Goya goes from being a follower¹⁰ of the Enlightenment who believes in the capacity for regeneration to a person whose experience leads to despair,” according to Javier Portus, the chief curator for Spanish painting at the Prado.

　　普拉多博物馆西班牙画展的首席策展人哈维尔·波图斯说，“戈雅从一个相信复兴能力的启蒙运动的追随者，变成了一个因经历而绝望的人。”

　　This bleak¹¹ vision was expressed in the “Black Paintings”, executed as frescoes¹² on the walls of La Quinta del Sordo, Goya’s country house, and now occupying Room 67 of the Prado.

　　这种黯淡的愿景在《黑色绘画》中表达了出来，这些画作曾以壁画的形式出现在戈雅的乡村别墅“聋人屋”的墙上，现在占据了普拉多博物馆的67号展厅。

　　They were painted for himself, not the public or the court.

　　这些画是为他自己画的，而不是为公众或宫廷画的。

　　They are peopled by nightmare figures, crones and paupers¹³ in rags, their mouths gaping¹⁴ cavities.

　　画上满是噩梦般的人物，比如衣衫褴褛的老妪和乞丐，他们的嘴巴都张得大大的。

　　It is as if dead souls returned to haunt the living.

　　仿佛死去的灵魂又回来纠缠活着的人。

　　Yet they are recognisable in the homeless people found in the streets of post-pandemic cities.

　　然而，在疫情爆发后的城市街道上发现的无家可归者中，很容易就能认出他们。

　　There was despair, too, in a series of prints, “The Disasters of War”, not published until 1863: body parts strewn on trees, piles of corpses¹⁵, people being clubbed to death.

　　直到1863年才出版的一系列版画《战争的灾难》中也有令人绝望的景象：尸块散落在树上，尸体成堆，人们死于棍棒之下。

　　“I saw it,” he wrote on two of the prints.

　　“我看到了，”他在其中两张版画上写道。

　　He certainly visited the ruins of Zaragoza after the French siege, and he lived through the famine in Madrid in 1811-12 in which perhaps 20,000 died.

　　他无疑参观了法国围困后萨拉戈萨的废墟，他经历了1811至1812年间马德里的饥荒，大约有2万人在那次饥荒中丧生。

　　Yet the power of his portrayal¹⁶ of war is not as a literal record, but that it cuts to the essence.

　　然而，他在描绘战争时的力量并不是字面上的记录，而是他的描绘切中了本质。

　　It is war seen close-up, never heroic.

　　特写中看到的是战争，从来都不是英雄壮举。

　　Each age sees what it wants in Goya, Mr Portus notes.

　　波图斯指出，每个时代都能从戈雅身上看到它想要的东西。

　　That testifies to his genius in communicating ideas and images.

　　这证明了他在传达思想和图像方面的天赋。

　　He was of his time; other Enlightenment artists shared his concerns.

　　他属于他的时代；其他启蒙运动艺术家也和他有同样的担忧。

　　But he alone transcended¹⁷ that time to speak universal truths about the human condition so directly.

　　但只有他一个人超越了他的时代，如此直接地讲述了关于人类状况的普遍真理。

1 transgressions   

n.违反，违法，罪过( transgression的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Many marine transgressions occur across coastal plains. 许多海运是横越滨海平原。 来自辞典例句
• For I know my transgressions, and my sin always before me. 因为我知道我的过犯，我的罪常在我面前。 来自互联网

2 detailed   

adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的

参考例句：

• He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
• A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。

3 fanaticism   

n.狂热，盲信

参考例句：

• Your fanaticism followed the girl is wrong. 你对那个女孩的狂热是错误的。
• All of Goebbels's speeches sounded the note of stereotyped fanaticism. 戈培尔的演讲，千篇一律，无非狂热二字。

4 witchcraft   

n.魔法，巫术

参考例句：

• The woman practising witchcraft claimed that she could conjure up the spirits of the dead.那个女巫说她能用魔法召唤亡灵。
• All these things that you call witchcraft are capable of a natural explanation.被你们统统叫做巫术的那些东西都可以得到合情合理的解释。

5 plight   

n.困境，境况，誓约，艰难；vt.宣誓，保证，约定

参考例句：

• The leader was much concerned over the plight of the refugees.那位领袖对难民的困境很担忧。
• She was in a most helpless plight.她真不知如何是好。

6 prolific   

adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的

参考例句：

• She is a prolific writer of novels and short stories.她是一位多产的作家，写了很多小说和短篇故事。
• The last few pages of the document are prolific of mistakes.这个文件的最后几页错误很多。

7 lampooned   

v.冷嘲热讽，奚落( lampoon的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• His cartoons mercilessly lampooned the politicians of his time. 他的漫画毫不留情地嘲讽了他那个年代的政治人物。
• He was lampooned for his political views. 他的政治观点使他成了受奚落的对象。 来自辞典例句

8 hypocrisies   

n.伪善，虚伪( hypocrisy的名词复数 )

参考例句：

9 brutality   

n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮

参考例句：

• The brutality of the crime has appalled the public. 罪行之残暴使公众大为震惊。
• a general who was infamous for his brutality 因残忍而恶名昭彰的将军

10 follower   

n.跟随者；随员；门徒；信徒

参考例句：

• He is a faithful follower of his home football team.他是他家乡足球队的忠实拥护者。
• Alexander is a pious follower of the faith.亚历山大是个虔诚的信徒。

11 bleak   

adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的

参考例句：

• They showed me into a bleak waiting room.他们引我来到一间阴冷的会客室。
• The company's prospects look pretty bleak.这家公司的前景异常暗淡。

12 frescoes   

n.壁画( fresco的名词复数 )；温壁画技法，湿壁画

参考例句：

• The Dunhuang frescoes are gems of ancient Chinese art. 敦煌壁画是我国古代艺术中的瑰宝。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The frescoes in these churches are magnificent. 这些教堂里的壁画富丽堂皇。 来自《简明英汉词典》

13 paupers   

n.穷人( pauper的名词复数 )；贫民；贫穷

参考例句：

• The garment is expensive, paupers like you could never afford it! 这件衣服很贵，你这穷鬼根本买不起！ 来自互联网
• Child-friendliest among the paupers were Burkina Faso and Malawi. 布基纳法索，马拉维，这俩贫穷国家儿童友善工作做得不错。 来自互联网

14 gaping   

adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大

参考例句：

• Ahead of them was a gaping abyss. 他们前面是一个巨大的深渊。
• The antelope could not escape the crocodile's gaping jaws. 那只羚羊无法从鱷鱼张开的大口中逃脱。 来自《简明英汉词典》

15 corpses   

n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The living soldiers put corpses together and burned them. 活着的战士把尸体放在一起烧了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Overhead, grayish-white clouds covered the sky, piling up heavily like decaying corpses. 天上罩满了灰白的薄云，同腐烂的尸体似的沉沉的盖在那里。 来自汉英文学 - 中国现代小说

16 portrayal   

n.饰演；描画

参考例句：

• His novel is a vivid portrayal of life in a mining community.他的小说生动地描绘了矿区的生活。
• The portrayal of the characters in the novel is lifelike.该书中的人物写得有血有肉。

17 transcended   

超出或超越（经验、信念、描写能力等）的范围( transcend的过去式和过去分词 )； 优于或胜过…

参考例句：

• He wanted assurance that he had transcended what was inherently ambiguous. 他要证明，他已经超越了本来就是混淆不清的事情。
• It transcended site to speak to universal human concerns. 它超越了场所的局限，表达了人类共同的心声。