金融世界 第二十讲 国际货币基金组织和世贸组织（一）

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金融世界 第二十讲

在这一讲中我们要谈谈过去五十年中对稳定世界经济作出贡献的两个重要国际组织 Iternational Monetary¹ Fund 国际货币基金组织和 World Trade Organisation² 世界贸易组织及其前身 General Agreement on Tariffs³ and Trade，简称 GATT，也就是关税及贸易总协定的由来和发展。

澳广金融节目主持人巴里克拉克首先介绍了这两个国际组织诞生的历史背景：

These institutions came into existence because policy makers⁴ in the United States and the United Kingdom, the dominant⁵ players in the post-World War II planning game, wanted to avoid a repeat of the mistakes made during the inter-war years.

From an economic perspective, the period between the two world wars might best be described as an era of instability and collapse⁶. The 1930s saw a drastic contraction⁷ of world trade, lower income and high unemployment.

下面我们分段听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话和中文翻译：（英文略）

这些机构的成立是由于美国和英国这两个在第二次世界大战后制定计划时占支配地位国家的领导人希望避免重复在两次大战之间那段时期犯的错误。

从经济角度来看，第一次和第二次世界大战之间的那段时期可以说是动荡与崩溃的时期。在一九三十年代，世界贸易严重收缩，收入降低，失业增加。

接下来我们完整听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。（略）

澳大利亚莫纳什大学的里查德斯纳普教授对当时的历史背景作了进一步的解释。他在谈话中使用了这样一些词组：

1 international monetary system 国际货币秩序

2 currency turmoil⁸ 货币动荡

3 erecting⁹ trade barriers 设立贸易壁垒

4 bilateralism 双边主义

5 preference 优先，特惠

6 contagious¹⁰ 可蔓延（传染）的

斯纳普教授说：

There were two or three main things: one of course was the collapse of the international monetary system with countries restricting payments abroad and access to foreign currencies - and so there was a great deal of currency turmoil. And then, with the onset¹¹ of recession and depression in the world, you had countries erecting trade barriers, trying in fact to export unemployment, trying to stimulate¹² demand for their own products by keeping imports out.

And this was contagious, so that in the early 1930s, you had a very, very substantial decrease in international trade and, of course, with that, an increase in inefficiency¹³, as countries were trying to do more and more themselves.

You also had a great growth in bilateralism, that instead of trading on a multilateral basis - that is trading with anyone and buying from the cheapest source - you had a whole series of trade agreements where preferences were being given to particular countries.

And so you had three aspects going on really: You had first of all a currency turmoil; you had, secondly¹⁴, very substantially increasing trade barriers and associated with that and with the Depression greatly decreasing trade; thirdly you had a great deal of channelling of trade with preferred countries.

下面我们分段听一遍斯纳普教授的谈话和中文翻译：（英文略）

主要有两或三个方面：其中之一当然是各国限制向海外付款和限制兑换外汇，使国际货币秩序崩溃，造成极大的货币动荡。然后随着世界经济衰退和萧条的开始，一些国家设立贸易壁垒，试图转嫁失业，并停止进口以刺激对本国产品的需求。

各国互相仿效，结果在一九三十年代初国际贸大幅度缩减，同时无效率生产增加，因为各国都尝试自己来作更多的事。

同时“双边主义”也大行其道，各国签订许多贸易协议，为某些特定国家提供贸易优惠，以此代替了在多边基础上进行的贸易，也就是同所有国家往来、购买最廉价产品的贸易。

因此一共有三个方面的因素：一是货币动荡；二是贸易壁垒大量增加，再加上大萧条，贸易大幅度缩减；第三是大量通过优惠国渠道进行贸易。

下面我们把斯纳普教授对国际货币基金组织成立时的历史背景的介绍再听一遍。（略）

一九四四年七月，美国总统罗斯福邀请四十四个国家的代表团到美国新罕布什尔州的布雷顿森林举行联合国货币及金融会议。也就是在这次会议上成立了两个新的国际组织：International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织和 International Bank for Reconstruction¹⁵ and Development 国际复兴开发银行，俗称 World Bank 世界银行。

1 monetary   

adj.货币的，钱的；通货的；金融的；财政的

参考例句：

• The monetary system of some countries used to be based on gold.过去有些国家的货币制度是金本位制的。
• Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。

2 organisation   

n.组织，安排，团体，有机休

参考例句：

• The method of his organisation work is worth commending.他的组织工作的方法值得称道。
• His application for membership of the organisation was rejected.他想要加入该组织的申请遭到了拒绝。

3 tariffs   

关税制度； 关税( tariff的名词复数 )； 关税表； （旅馆或饭店等的）收费表； 量刑标准

参考例句：

• British industry was sheltered from foreign competition by protective tariffs. 保护性关税使英国工业免受国际竞争影响。
• The new tariffs have put a stranglehold on trade. 新的关税制对开展贸易极为不利。

4 makers   

n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式）

参考例句：

• The makers of the product assured us that there had been no sacrifice of quality. 这一产品的制造商向我们保证说他们没有牺牲质量。
• The makers are about to launch out a new product. 制造商们马上要生产一种新产品。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 dominant   

adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因

参考例句：

• The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
• She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。

6 collapse   

vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。

7 contraction   

n.缩略词，缩写式，害病

参考例句：

• The contraction of this muscle raises the lower arm.肌肉的收缩使前臂抬起。
• The forces of expansion are balanced by forces of contraction.扩张力和收缩力相互平衡。

8 turmoil   

n.骚乱，混乱，动乱

参考例句：

• His mind was in such a turmoil that he couldn't get to sleep.内心的纷扰使他无法入睡。
• The robbery put the village in a turmoil.抢劫使全村陷入混乱。

9 erecting   

v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立

参考例句：

• Nations can restrict their foreign trade by erecting barriers to exports as well as imports. 象设置进口壁垒那样，各国可以通过设置出口壁垒来限制对外贸易。 来自辞典例句
• Could you tell me the specific lift-slab procedure for erecting buildings? 能否告之用升板法安装楼房的具体程序？ 来自互联网

10 contagious   

adj.传染性的，有感染力的

参考例句：

• It's a highly contagious infection.这种病极易传染。
• He's got a contagious laugh.他的笑富有感染力。

11 onset   

n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始

参考例句：

• The drug must be taken from the onset of the infection.这种药必须在感染的最初期就开始服用。
• Our troops withstood the onset of the enemy.我们的部队抵挡住了敌人的进攻。

12 stimulate   

vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋

参考例句：

• Your encouragement will stimulate me to further efforts.你的鼓励会激发我进一步努力。
• Success will stimulate the people for fresh efforts.成功能鼓舞人们去作新的努力。

13 inefficiency   

n.无效率，无能；无效率事例

参考例句：

• Conflict between management and workers makes for inefficiency in the workplace. 资方与工人之间的冲突使得工厂生产效率很低。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• This type of inefficiency arises because workers and management are ill-equipped. 出现此种低效率是因为工人与管理层都能力不足。 来自《简明英汉词典》

14 secondly   

adv.第二，其次

参考例句：

• Secondly,use your own head and present your point of view.第二，动脑筋提出自己的见解。
• Secondly it is necessary to define the applied load.其次，需要确定所作用的载荷。

15 reconstruction   

n.重建，再现，复原

参考例句：

• The country faces a huge task of national reconstruction following the war.战后，该国面临着重建家园的艰巨任务。
• In the period of reconstruction,technique decides everything.在重建时期，技术决定一切。