金融世界 第二十二讲 国际货币基金组织和世贸组织（三）

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金融世界 第二十二讲

在这一讲中我们要继续向您介绍 World Trade Organisation¹, 世界贸易组织。

在以前的节目中我们为您介绍过世界贸易组织的前身是 General Agreement on Tariffs² and Trade, 关税及贸易总协定，英文简称是 GATT。它是在一九四七年由二十三个国家在日内瓦签签订的，后来发展到有一百多个成员国。

澳洲广播电台金融节目主持人巴里克拉克介绍了关贸总协成立后的几个回合谈判：

There were seven GATT negotiating rounds held throughout the 1950s, '60s and '70s, which helped free up international trade. But because of a revival³ of protectionism in the 1970s and '80s, problems began to develop.

The eighth and final GATT round, the Uruguay Round, took place against this background and in the more difficult international economic environment of the 1980s and '90s.

Many of the problems encountered during the Uruguay Round stemmed from an ambitious agenda, which sought to extend the GATT disciplines to areas such as trade in agricultural products and trade in services and intellectual property.

下面我们分段听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话和中文翻译：（英文略）

关贸总协在一九五十年代及六十和七十年代一共进行了七个回合的谈判。这些谈判有助于国际贸易的自由化。但是由于七十年代和八十年代保护主义重新抬头，问题开始出现。

关贸总协的第八回合也是最后一个回合的谈判，即乌拉圭回合谈判，就是在这一背景下在一九八十年代和九十年代更为困难的国际经济环境中进行的。

乌拉圭回合谈判中的许多问题都来自于雄心勃勃的谈判议程。这项议程要把关贸总协的规则延伸到农产品贸易、服务业及知识产权的贸易领域中。

下面我们把巴里克拉克的这段谈话的原文连起来听一遍。（略）

澳大利亚莫纳什大学亚太经合组织研究中心主任艾伦奥克斯利对乌拉圭回合贸易谈判作了进一步的介绍。他说：

It greatly expanded the scope of the GATT. In the past, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade had focused exclusively on world trade in goods. The Uruguay Round greatly extended the ambit of the coverage⁴ to include a new set of issues, services, and it brought intellectual property in.

A third, technical change is that it significantly expanded the completeness of the coverage of the GATT trade rules. There were new disciplines introduced on subsidies⁵. So in fact by the time that round had finished, there was a more complete application of the principles of trade in goods which the original GATT had been designed to cover.

下面我们分段听一遍艾伦奥克斯利的谈话和中文翻译：（英文略）

这轮谈判大大扩展了关贸总协的范围，而过去关贸总协只专注于世界的货物贸易。同时乌拉圭回合谈判也大大扩展了关贸总协涉及领域的界线，使它包括了一系列新的方面和服务行业，也包括了知识产权问题。

第三个也是技术性的变化是这轮谈判显著加强了关贸总协有关贸易规定的完整性，就(政府为某些生产部门提供的)补贴问题制定了新的规则。实际上在这轮谈判结束时，商品贸易的准则已经得到更完全的实施，而这也正是最初签订关贸总协定的目的。

下面我们再听一遍澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学亚太经合组织研究中心主任艾伦奥克斯利这段谈话的原文。（英文略）

一九九三年，经过七年的磋商，乌拉圭回合谈判宣告结束。一百一十七个成员国共同作出决定，要扩大关贸总协的规模，成立一个新的组织，也就是世界贸易组织 World Trade Organisation，简称WTO。

澳大利亚莫纳什大学的里查德斯纳普教授指出了世贸组织与它的前身关贸总协的不同之处：

One very big change is in the dispute settlement arrangements under the WTO, which are rather different from those under the GATT.

Previously⁶ if there was a dispute, there'd be a panel which would look at a dispute, and then the panel's report would come to the general body. And the report could only be accepted by consensus⁷. So that that meant that the guilty party, if you like to use that term, could obstruct⁸ the acceptance of it.

What occurred in the Uruguay Round was a turning around of this, so the panel's report in examining a case can now only be rejected by consensus, which is a dramatic change and has given the dispute settlement procedure very strong teeth.

下面我们分段听一遍斯纳普教授的谈话和中文翻译：（英文略）

一个很大的变化就是世贸组织解决争议的安排与原来的关贸总协大不相同。

过去如果发生了争执，一个专门的小组会对争议进行调查，然后向最高机构提出报告。这一报告只有在全体成员一致同意的情况下才能获得接受。这就意味着违规的一方能够阻止（关贸总协）接受这一报告。

乌拉圭回合谈判改变了这一点，使调查某一贸易争议的专门小组的报告现在只能被一致意见所推翻。这是一个极其显著的变化，它赋予解决争执的程序强有力的手段。

下面我们再把澳大利亚莫纳什大学斯纳普教授的谈话原文连起来听一遍。（略）

在结束这一讲之前，我们把澳广金融节目主持人巴里克拉克、澳大利亚莫纳什大学亚太经合组织研究中心主任艾伦奥克斯利以及莫纳什大学斯纳普教授的这三段有关世贸组织及其前身关贸总协定的谈话再连起来听一遍。（略）

1 organisation   

n.组织，安排，团体，有机休

参考例句：

• The method of his organisation work is worth commending.他的组织工作的方法值得称道。
• His application for membership of the organisation was rejected.他想要加入该组织的申请遭到了拒绝。

2 tariffs   

关税制度； 关税( tariff的名词复数 )； 关税表； （旅馆或饭店等的）收费表； 量刑标准

参考例句：

• British industry was sheltered from foreign competition by protective tariffs. 保护性关税使英国工业免受国际竞争影响。
• The new tariffs have put a stranglehold on trade. 新的关税制对开展贸易极为不利。

3 revival   

n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振

参考例句：

• The period saw a great revival in the wine trade.这一时期葡萄酒业出现了很大的复苏。
• He claimed the housing market was showing signs of a revival.他指出房地产市场正出现复苏的迹象。

4 coverage   

n.报导，保险范围，保险额，范围，覆盖

参考例句：

• There's little coverage of foreign news in the newspaper.报纸上几乎没有国外新闻报道。
• This is an insurance policy with extensive coverage.这是一项承保范围广泛的保险。

5 subsidies   

n.补贴，津贴，补助金( subsidy的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• European agriculture ministers failed to break the deadlock over farm subsidies. 欧洲各国农业部长在农业补贴问题上未能打破僵局。
• Agricultural subsidies absorb about half the EU's income. 农业补贴占去了欧盟收入的大约一半。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 previously   

adv.以前，先前（地）

参考例句：

• The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
• Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿，解释原先发生了什么。

7 consensus   

n.(意见等的)一致，一致同意，共识

参考例句：

• Can we reach a consensus on this issue?我们能在这个问题上取得一致意见吗？
• What is the consensus of opinion at the afternoon meeting?下午会议上一致的意见是什么？

8 obstruct   

v.阻隔，阻塞(道路、通道等)；n.阻碍物，障碍物

参考例句：

• He became still more dissatisfied with it and secretly did everything in his power to obstruct it.他对此更不满意，尽在暗里使绊子。
• The fallen trees obstruct the road.倒下的树将路堵住了。