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美国国家公共电台 NPR Strange Fruit

时间:2019-08-26 06:20来源:互联网 提供网友:nan   字体: [ ]
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JOHANN HARI: In 1939, the great jazz singer Billie Holiday walked onto a stage. She stands on this stage, and she sang for the first time a song called "Strange Fruit."

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

BILLIE HOLIDAY: (Singing) Southern trees bear a strange fruit.

HARI: And years later, Billie Holiday received a warning from agents at the Federal Bureau of Narcotics2. And the warning said effectively, stop singing this song.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.

RUND ABDELFATAH, HOST:

Hey, I'm Rund Abdelfatah.

RAMTIN ARABLOUEI, HOST:

I'm Ramtin Arablouei.

ABDELFATAH: And on this episode of THROUGHLINE from NPR, a special collaboration3 with NPR Music's Turning the Tables series, how Billie Holiday sang the song "Strange Fruit" and became one of the first victims of the war on drugs.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ARABLOUEI: So why was Billie Holiday on that stage, and why was the government so interested in her? To answer those questions, we need to go back to the beginning of her story.

FARAH JASMINE GRIFFIN: Billie Holiday was born in Philadelphia, but she grew up in Baltimore, Md. She came from a kind of working-class, working, poor background.

ARABLOUEI: This is Farah Jasmine Griffin.

GRIFFIN: I am the chair of the African American and African Diaspora Studies Department at Columbia University.

ABDELFATAH: And author of "If You Can't Be Free, Be A Mystery: In Search Of Billie Holiday."

(SOUNDBITE OF LOUIS ARMSTRONG'S "YES! I'M IN THE BARREL")

ABDELFATAH: Billie's dad was a jazz musician but wasn't in her life much. Her mom worked around the clock and wasn't a fan of jazz.

HARI: Her mother wouldn't let her listen to jazz. She thought it was the devil's music.

ABDELFATAH: But this was the early 1920s, the era of Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith. And jazz was everywhere.

(SOUNDBITE OF BESSIE SMITH SONG, "ST. LOUIS BLUES")

HARI: So Billie Holiday would go to the local brothel, where the woman who ran it would play jazz records for her. She would sit on the floor as a little girl, and she'd listen to this jazz.

(SOUNDBITE OF BESSIE SMITH SONG, "ST. LOUIS BLUES")

HARI: My name is Johann Hari, and I'm the author of The New York Times best-selling book "Chasing The Scream: The First And Last Days Of The War On Drugs."

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "ST. LOUIS BLUES")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) Sun go down...

ARABLOUEI: Billie spent a lot of time on her own. And when she was 10 years old...

HARI: A man came up to her, and he said, oh, your mom sent for me. He was a 40-year-old guy. He said, your mom sent for me. You've got to come with me. So she went with him, and he violently raped4 her.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ARABLOUEI: He was sent to prison for a short time. As for Billie...

HARI: She was given a much more severe punishment. She was accused of being a prostitute, as if that's something a 10-year-old child can be.

ARABLOUEI: She was then taken to a Catholic reform school to live.

HARI: Because they said she was rebellious5, where the nuns6 decided7 to teach her a lesson. They'd said she was out of control. It was her fault this had happened. Amongst the things they did was lock her in with the dead bodies overnight to scare her. And Billie Holiday wasn't having any of this.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ABDELFATAH: When she was about 11 years old, Billie left the reform school and went to live with her mom in New York.

HARI: And she ends up working in this brothel alongside her mother from when she was 14, which means - what that actually means is Billie Holiday is being raped for money by monstrous8 individuals day after day after day after day.

ABDELFATAH: This was when Billie's lifelong struggle with addiction10 began.

HARI: She was in horrendous11 pain. And in that context, she starts trying to anesthetize herself with huge amounts of alcohol.

ARABLOUEI: Eventually, that brothel was raided by the police. Billie was arrested on charges of prostitution. And in that moment, she decided...

GRIFFIN: She decided that she wasn't going to be in those kinds of situations anymore. So she began singing in after-hours spots in Harlem. She wasn't really the star. She was kind of the girl singer for the bands who were the stars, the - particularly the band leaders.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED INTERVIEWER: Ms. Holiday, would you care to tell us about some of the record sessions you were in? That one back there, for instance, that was made here in New York, I suppose.

HOLIDAY: Yes, it was. Well, the first record I ever made, it was with Benny Goodman. I was...

UNIDENTIFIED INTERVIEWER: Were you scared?

GRIFFIN: But she got a break when she was - when Barney Josephson, who owned Cafe Society, had her come and sing there.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

BARNEY JOSEPHSON: He said to me, what kind of club are you going to open? I said, well, I'm going to open an interracial nightclub where all people are welcome, all will be greeted as they should be.

ARABLOUEI: This is Barney Josephson recounting a conversation he had with a music producer.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

JOSEPHSON: And all of my entertainers and entertainment and musicians will be hired for talent, and not for color. We're going to integrate them as much as we can. And the Negro public will be invited as guests, the same as the other people.

And then he said, I have a singer for you. And I said, who is she? And he said, Billie Holiday. I'd never heard of Billie Holiday.

ABDELFATAH: At this point, no one really knew who she was. Billie would sing in obscure Harlem nightclubs. She wasn't technically12 trained, couldn't even read music, but she was really good. And people started paying attention to her. When she was 18, she put out her first record as part of a group led by Benny Goodman, the King of Swing. She later became a regular headliner at Barney's club, Cafe Society, and earned the nickname Lady Day. Billie Holiday was a rising star.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED INTERVIEWER: You have a most unusual style. Everybody says that. How did you develop it? Did it just come out of the thin blue?

HOLIDAY: Well, I always wanted to sing like Louis Armstrong played. I always wanted to sing like an instrument, you know, like any instrument, you know?

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ARABLOUEI: In the late 1930s, a new song was brought to Billie Holiday at Cafe Society.

GRIFFIN: It was written by a man named Abel Meeropol, whose pen name was Lewis Allan.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

JOSEPHSON: He sings this song to her. And she looked at me and said - after he finished it - and said, what do you want me to do with that, man? And I said it'd be wonderful if you would sing it if you cared to. You don't have to. She said, he wants me to sing it? I'll sing it. And she sang it.

(SOUNDBITE OF BILLIE HOLIDAY SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

JOSEPHSON: And that song was "Strange Fruit."

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) Southern trees bear a strange...

GRIFFIN: And Billie Holiday sang it in that way, that very slow tempo13 way, that off-the-beat way. She had exquisite14 diction that it was hard not to be moved by it. The poem, because it is a poem, is full of imagery...

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) Black bodies swinging...

GRIFFIN: ...Kind of sensual imagery.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) ...In the southern breeze.

GRIFFIN: This metaphor15 of...

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.

GRIFFIN: ...Black bodies as the fruit on the lynching tree. And that the corruption16, the violence isn't only at the fruit. It's at the root of the tree, that the tree itself is imbued17 with this history of racial trauma18 and racial violence.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) Scent19 of magnolia...

GRIFFIN: You know, calling on our sense of smell, scent of magnolia, smooth and sweet, right?

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) Then the sudden smell of burning flesh.

GRIFFIN: You have that magnolia blending with the smell of burning flesh, which talks about the kind of barbaric ritual of lynching. It's a very explicit20, difficult song but, you know, also presented in in the figured of language of poetry.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) The wind to suck...

ARABLOUEI: "Strange Fruit" is, at its core, a protest song - graphic21 and unflinching in its imagery, in its rejection22 of white supremacy23 and violence against African Americans.

GRIFFIN: And she decided that she wanted to record it. And her record label would not. They didn't think that it was going to be a commercial hit. So she took it to a small, independent label and recorded it.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) Here's a strange...

ABDELFATAH: When we come back, "Strange Fruit" is released. And Billie Holiday makes an enemy in the government.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "STRANGE FRUIT")

HOLIDAY: (Singing) ...Crop.

MJ: Hey, this is MJ from Vancouver. And you're listening to THROUGHLINE on NPR.

ABDELFATAH: In 1939, "Strange Fruit" was released. And it became an instant hit. But pretty quickly, it began to attract negative attention. Billie Holiday got a lot of pushback from club owners who would tell her not to sing it.

HARI: You've got to understand how shocking this song was at the time. Her goddaughter Lorraine Feather said that to me. You know, this was not a time when there were political pop songs. You know, the top song at the time is called "P.S. I Love You." And to have an African American woman standing24 in front of a white audience singing a song against white supremacy and its violence was viscerally shocking at that moment.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ABDELFATAH: And it's around this time that Billie Holiday became the focus of government attention.

GRIFFIN: She'd been so harassed26 by narcotics agents, you know, I mean, just in inhumane and absurd ways.

ARABLOUEI: Over the years, Billie struggled with alcohol and drug addiction. And federal agents used that as an excuse to target her. One FBI memo27 quotes a source in the Federal Bureau of Narcotics saying because of the importance of Holiday, it has been the policy of this bureau to discredit28 individuals of this caliber29 using narcotics.

GRIFFIN: They would threaten her that if she sang the song, you know, that they would arrest her or harass25 her.

ARABLOUEI: There was one agent in particular who was hell-bent on getting her to stop singing the song. His name - Harry30 Anslinger.

HARI: I think Harry Anslinger is the most influential31 person who no one's ever heard of. He invented the modern war on drugs. And we live in the world Harry Anslinger made, not just in the United States but across the world.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #1: Come behind the scene at Washington, D.C., and meet the chief of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Mr. Harry J. Anslinger.

HARI: So Harry Anslinger was a government bureaucrat32 who took over the Department of Prohibition33 just as alcohol prohibition was ending. So you've had this big war on alcohol. He was a key part of fighting it in the Bahamas, intercepting34 alcohol smugglers, where he said they should use maximum force and violence. And they've lost the war on alcohol.

(SOUNDBITE OF MONTAGE)

UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #2: The decisive vote of the 36th state against prohibition is happy news for the grain-raisers of the United States....

FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: And I am confident that the United States of America wants repeal35.

(APPLAUSE)

HARI: So he's got this government department that's part of the Treasury36 Department that's basically going to have nothing to do quite soon, and he wants to keep his department going. And he invented the modern war on drugs as the pretext37 for his department.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

HARRY ANSLINGER: The Treasury Department intends to pursue a relentless38 warfare39 against the despicable dope-pedaling vulture who preys40 on the weakness of his fellow man.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

HARI: And he built it around two really strong hatreds42 he had. One was a really strong hatred41 of people with addiction problems. As a young man on the farm he lived on in Altoona in Pennsylvania, he'd lived next door to a farmer's wife who had a morphine addiction. He'd been really traumatized by seeing her addicted43. He'd resolved to kind of crush people like her. And the other group he really hated were African Americans and Latinos. I mean, he was so racist44 that he was regarded as a crazy racist in the 1920s. His own senator from Pennsylvania said he should have to resign because he used the N-word so often in official police memos45.

And to him, Billie Holiday was the incarnation of everything he hated. She is an African American woman standing up to white supremacy in a stunningly46 brave way, and Billie Holiday had an addiction problem. She'd been monstrously47 raped for money as a child, more times than we know how to count. And to deal with the pain and the grief of that, she was using a huge amount of alcohol and a huge amount of heroin48.

ABDELFATAH: One night when Billie was slated49 to sing "Strange Fruit," she received a warning from Anslinger.

HARI: And the warning said, effectively, stop singing this song.

ABDELFATAH: She arrived at the club, got onstage and sang.

HARI: Billie Holiday's response, typical of her life, was effectively, screw you. I'm an American citizen; I'll sing what I damn well please. And at that point, Harry Anslinger resolves to destroy her.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ARABLOUEI: But Billie Holiday refused to back down. In fact, "Strange Fruit" became her signature song.

GRIFFIN: It would be the last song of her set. She would demand silence. She wouldn't sing it if it wasn't silent. There'd be, like, this kind of pinpoint50 light on that beautiful face. She understood the import of the song and had become identified with it.

ARABLOUEI: And as Billie continued to sing "Strange Fruit," Anslinger devised a plan to take her down.

HARI: The first person who Anslinger sent to stalk Billie Holiday, to gather information so that they could bust51 and arrest her was an agent called Jimmy Fletcher. Harry Anslinger hated employing African Americans, but you couldn't really send a white guy into Harlem to stalk Billie Holiday. It'd be kind of obvious. So he employed a guy called Jimmy Fletcher, who was known as a bagman.

So Jimmy Fletcher's brief was - follow Billie Holiday everywhere she goes; befriend her; document her drug use, and get it ready for an indictment52. So for more than a year, Jimmy Fletcher follows Billie Holiday everywhere. He gets to know her. He dances with her in Harlem nightclubs. He gets to play with her little dog. They get on really well. And Jimmy Fletcher was someone who had no sympathy for people with addiction problems. He said they'd brought it on themselves, they deserved to be punished, they deserved to be broken. But Billie Holiday was so amazing that Jimmy Fletcher fell in love with her.

ABDELFATAH: Despite those feelings, he did where he was sent to do.

HARI: So he goes to bust her. She locks herself in the bathroom. He tells her to pass the drugs under the door. She says, no, you come and inspect me. She makes him inspect her. She wants him to see what he's doing to her. She's arrested. She's put on trial. The trial was called the United States v. Billie Holiday, and she said that's how it felt.

ABDELFATAH: Billie was sentenced to a year in prison.

HARI: She doesn't sing a word in prison. She's really haunted by what Jimmy Fletcher did to her - even years later. And his whole life, he felt really guilty about what he did.

ARABLOUEI: But Harry Anslinger was just getting started. When we come back, the war against Billie Holiday intensifies53.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

WILL: This is Will, and I'm from Addison, Texas. And you're listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR.

ABDELFATAH: When Billie Holiday got out of prison, Harry Anslinger made sure she wouldn't be able to sing anywhere.

HARI: At that time, to perform anywhere where alcohol was served in most cities, you needed something called a cabaret performance license54, and they made sure that Billie Holiday was denied a cabaret performance license. They take away singing from Billie Holiday.

ARABLOUEI: On top of that, Anslinger sent another agent to stalk her.

HARI: His name is Colonel George White, and he really is sent to be the kind of harder fist after Jimmy Fletcher had gone soft. So he tracks all around the country. He goes to hear her sing and perform in San Francisco. It's one of the few places where she was able to do it. He said he wasn't impressed.

ABDELFATAH: Meanwhile, Billie was trying to get sober. She would go months at a time without using drugs or alcohol, which didn't exactly help Anslinger's campaign against her. So one night...

HARI: They bust her, and it's pretty clear, I think, from reading the historical documents, that he planted drugs on Billie Holiday that night. White has her busted55. She's broken and destroyed again. She's really back on the path of addiction.

ABDELFATAH: For the next few years, Billie was stuck in the cycle of addiction and remission, and her career began to decline. By the mid-1950s, she'd been arrested many times on drug charges. Still, she continued to sing "Strange Fruit."

HARI: You know, no matter what they did to her - Anslinger and his agents - Billie Holiday never stopped singing "Strange Fruit." She would always find somewhere to do it. She would go to the worst parts of the Deep South where they threw bottles at the stage, and she sang her song.

GRIFFIN: The kind of courage not only that she would risk her career and her career mobility56 but that she actually risked her life and her freedom because she felt that she had to sing this song...

ARABLOUEI: In 1959, after years of battling addiction and harassment57 from agents...

HARI: She collapsed58. The first hospital she was taken to refused to take her 'cause she had an addiction problem. They took her to another hospital, and this one did allow her in, but she said to her friend Maely Dufty on the way in that Anslinger wasn't finished with her. She said, they're going to kill me in there; don't let them. She wasn't wrong.

ARABLOUEI: Billie was taken to the hospital and diagnosed with liver disease.

HARI: So she's very ill, and she goes into heroin withdrawal59 because she's not given any in the hospital. And Maely Dufty, her friend, managed to insist that she was given methadone, and she began to recover. Obviously, heroin withdrawal is very dangerous if you're extremely physically60 weak, as she was. Anslinger's men come into the hospital and arrest her on her hospital bed.

(SOUNDBITE OF DOCUMENTARY, "BILLIE HOLIDAY: THE LONG NIGHT OF LADY DAY")

ALICE VRBSKY: I really think that the arrest took a lot out of her.

ABDELFATAH: Billie's friend Alice Vrbsky remembers that moment.

(SOUNDBITE OF DOCUMENTARY, "BILLIE HOLIDAY: THE LONG NIGHT OF LADY DAY")

VRBSKY: It sort of was like the last straw that the public or the system could do to her, and I think that that really took the heart out of her.

HARI: She's obviously profoundly distressed61 by this. I actually interviewed the last surviving person who'd been in that room, a wonderful man named Reverend Eugene Callender who'd set up the first kind of - we'd call it, really, a rehab center now for jazz musicians in Harlem. He'd known a lot of jazz musicians, and he saw what they were doing to her, right? He saw that this was risking - killing62 her. He actually led a protest outside the hospital with signs saying, let Lady Day live. Lots of people joined him. They could see what they were doing. After 10 days, as part of Anslinger's policy, the methadone was cut off.

(SOUNDBITE OF DOCUMENTARY, "BILLIE HOLIDAY: THE LONG NIGHT OF LADY DAY")

VRBSKY: She was in very bad shape. I could see on her face and in her whole condition that she wasn't well, and she could see it on my face. And she said, don't look at me that way. I'm not any better. And I said, goodnight. And I said, I'll see you tomorrow. And I went - came home, and the phone rang some time early that next morning. And it was Earl, and he said, Lady's gone.

HARI: One of her friends told the BBC that she looked like she had been violently wrenched63 from life. And when the Reverend Eugene Callender delivers her eulogy64 in Harlem, they had to actually have police around the church 'cause they believed that people would riot 'cause they were so angry 'cause they could see that Billie Holiday had been killed. Reverend Callender said, you know, we shouldn't be here. This is a person who should have lived to be 80 years old. This is a person who had an incredible contribution to make.

And Harry Anslinger was very proud of what he did. He wrote after her death, for her, there would be no more good morning heartache. A member of the public wrote him a poem that he kept in a special place. It said, until the last judge proclaims that the last addict9 has died, then - not till then - may you be retired65.

ARABLOUEI: A couple of years after Billie Holiday's death, Anslinger went on to receive an honor from President John F. Kennedy for his years of service.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

JOHN KENNEDY: To Harry Jacob Anslinger, distinguished66 citizen. In your dedicated67 efforts to combat the illegal traffic in narcotic1 drugs, you have fashioned an effective organization to pursue this objective. Your noteworthy achievements in this field have earned for you the respect of the world community. Signed, John F. Kennedy.

HARI: So we see in this story what the drug war was about at the start, right? It was about profound racism68.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "SOMEWHERE OVER THE RAINBOW")

JUDY GARLAND: (Singing) Somewhere over the rainbow, way up high...

HARI: At the same time that Harry Anslinger discovered that Billie Holiday had an addiction problem, he found out that Judy Garland, Dorothy from "The Wizard Of Oz," also had an addiction problem. By the way, that really changes how you watch "The Wizard Of Oz" once you know that. So we know what he did to Billie Holiday. He stalks and effectively kills her. What did he do to Judy Garland? He goes to visit her. He advises her to take slightly longer vacations. What's the difference, right? We see the difference.

Years later, Harry Anslinger finds out that a man he really admired, Senator Joseph McCarthy, had an addiction to opiates. What does he do with Senator Joseph McCarthy? Does he break him and destroy him like he did with Billie Holiday? No. He arranges for a pharmacy69 in Washington, D.C., to discreetly70 give him a legal version of the drug.

ARABLOUEI: And Johann Hari says that racial bias71 continues to frame the war on drugs to this day.

HARI: African Americans and Latinos are no more likely to sell or use drugs than other ethnic72 groups. They make up the vast majority of the people who go to prison for them. We also see what the war on drugs has always done to people with addiction problems, right? It makes their addictions73 worse. It makes them more likely to die.

ARABLOUEI: Johann says we should rethink our whole approach to addiction to have more empathy - something embodied74 in the story of Billie Holiday and "Strange Fruit."

HARI: And the thing I think of when I think of Billie Holiday singing that song is the man standing in front of the tank in Tiananmen Square. You know, there is this force rolling over her, and she stands, and she sings. And not just a story about race - right? - although clearly, it is predominantly a story about race - also a story about addiction.

You know, shortly before she died, Billie Holiday said - this is a quote from her - imagine if the government chased sick people with diabetes75, drove insulin into the black market and told doctors they couldn't treat them, then sent them to jail. If we did that, everyone would know we were crazy, yet we do practically the same thing every day to sick people hooked on drugs.

And all over the world today, in - with a few honorable exceptions, like Portugal and Switzerland, we still follow the drug war script that was written by Harry Anslinger. And every day, Billie Holiday makes people stronger, and Harry Anslinger makes people weaker. And in a way, the struggle that this story tells is still ongoing76.

ABDELFATAH: And Farah Griffin says the legacy77 of Billie Holiday extends way beyond her addiction.

GRIFFIN: When Colin Kaepernick takes the knee and continues to do it - right? - he transcends78 football. And I think that's what she does, and I think that's why she's important. And we're at the point now where we applaud anything. Like, oh, such and such person took a stance. You know, they take a stance, and it's not necessarily - they aren't going to get the hit that Billie Holiday got. They aren't going to go to prison because they sang a song, right? So I think it's important to remember that she did that when the cost and the consequences were much, much harsher.

HARI: Billie Holiday had a friend called Yolande Bavan who was a very young jazz singer. She called Yolande her daughter. And I said to Yolande when I interviewed her for the book, what would you say to Billie Holiday if you could speak to her now? And she told me how Billie Holiday, right at the end, thought that Anslinger had destroyed her, that no one would remember her. And she said, I'd say to her, Billie, this morning, I went into Whole Foods in Columbus Circle and they were playing your songs. Nobody forgot you, baby.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "BILLIE HOLIDAY")

WARPAINT: (Singing) B-I-L-L-I-E H-O-L-I-D-A-Y, B-I-L-L-I-E H-O-L-I-D-A-Y, B-I-L-L-I-E H-O-L-I-D-A-Y...

ABDELFATAH: That's it for this week's show. I'm Rund Abdelfatah.

ARABLOUEI: I'm Ramtin Arablouei, and you've been listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR.

ABDELFATAH: This episode was produced by me.

ARABLOUEI: And me and...

JAMIE YORK, BYLINE79: Jamie York.

JORDANA HOCHMAN, BYLINE: Jordana Hochman.

LAWRENCE WU, BYLINE: Lawrence Wu.

LAINE KAPLAN-LEVENSON, BYLINE: Laine Kaplan-Levenson.

N'JERI EATON, BYLINE: (Laughter) OK. Smizing and somber80 - N'jeri Eaton.

ABDELFATAH: Jane Gilvin fact-checked this episode.

ARABLOUEI: And a special thanks to Jason Fuller and Anya Grundmann.

ABDELFATAH: Our music was composed by Ramtin and his band Drop Electric.

ARABLOUEI: And thank you to the amazing band Warpaint for letting us use their song "Billie Holiday."

ABDELFATAH: If you like something you heard or you have an idea for an episode, please write us at [email protected] or hit us up on Twitter @throughlineNPR.

ARABLOUEI: And if you want to hear more about Billie Holiday or other amazing women musicians from American history, check out the Turning The Tables series from NPR Music by going to npr.org/turningthetables.

ABDELFATAH: Thanks for listening.

(SOUNDBITE OF WARPAINT SONG, "BILLIE HOLIDAY")


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 narcotic u6jzY     
n.麻醉药,镇静剂;adj.麻醉的,催眠的
参考例句:
  • Opium is classed under the head of narcotic.鸦片是归入麻醉剂一类的东西。
  • No medical worker is allowed to prescribe any narcotic drug for herself.医务人员不得为自己开处方使用麻醉药品。
2 narcotics 6c5fe7d3dc96f0626f1c875799f8ddb1     
n.麻醉药( narcotic的名词复数 );毒品;毒
参考例句:
  • The use of narcotics by teenagers is a problem in many countries. 青少年服用麻醉药在许多国家中都是一个问题。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • Police shook down the club, looking for narcotics. 警方彻底搜查了这个俱乐部,寻找麻醉品。 来自《简明英汉词典》
3 collaboration bW7yD     
n.合作,协作;勾结
参考例句:
  • The two companies are working in close collaboration each other.这两家公司密切合作。
  • He was shot for collaboration with the enemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。
4 raped 7a6e3e7dd30eb1e3b61716af0e54d4a2     
v.以暴力夺取,强夺( rape的过去式和过去分词 );强奸
参考例句:
  • A young woman was brutally raped in her own home. 一名年轻女子在自己家中惨遭强暴。 来自辞典例句
  • We got stick together, or we will be having our women raped. 我们得团结一致,不然我们的妻女就会遭到蹂躏。 来自辞典例句
5 rebellious CtbyI     
adj.造反的,反抗的,难控制的
参考例句:
  • They will be in danger if they are rebellious.如果他们造反,他们就要发生危险。
  • Her reply was mild enough,but her thoughts were rebellious.她的回答虽然很温和,但她的心里十分反感。
6 nuns ce03d5da0bb9bc79f7cd2b229ef14d4a     
n.(通常指基督教的)修女, (佛教的)尼姑( nun的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Ah Q had always had the greatest contempt for such people as little nuns. 小尼姑之流是阿Q本来视如草芥的。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • Nuns are under vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. 修女须立誓保持清贫、贞洁、顺从。 来自辞典例句
7 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
8 monstrous vwFyM     
adj.巨大的;恐怖的;可耻的,丢脸的
参考例句:
  • The smoke began to whirl and grew into a monstrous column.浓烟开始盘旋上升,形成了一个巨大的烟柱。
  • Your behaviour in class is monstrous!你在课堂上的行为真是丢人!
9 addict my4zS     
v.使沉溺;使上瘾;n.沉溺于不良嗜好的人
参考例句:
  • He became gambling addict,and lost all his possessions.他习染上了赌博,最终输掉了全部家产。
  • He assisted a drug addict to escape from drug but failed firstly.一开始他帮助一个吸毒者戒毒但失败了。
10 addiction JyEzS     
n.上瘾入迷,嗜好
参考例句:
  • He stole money from his parents to feed his addiction.他从父母那儿偷钱以满足自己的嗜好。
  • Areas of drug dealing are hellholes of addiction,poverty and murder.贩卖毒品的地区往往是吸毒上瘾、贫困和发生谋杀的地方。
11 horrendous qd8zN     
adj.可怕的,令人惊惧的
参考例句:
  • He described it as the most horrendous experience of his life.他形容这是自己一生中最可怕的经历。
  • The mining industry in China has a horrendous safety record.中国的煤矿工业具有令人不安的安全记录。
12 technically wqYwV     
adv.专门地,技术上地
参考例句:
  • Technically it is the most advanced equipment ever.从技术上说,这是最先进的设备。
  • The tomato is technically a fruit,although it is eaten as a vegetable.严格地说,西红柿是一种水果,尽管它是当作蔬菜吃的。
13 tempo TqEy3     
n.(音乐的)速度;节奏,行进速度
参考例句:
  • The boss is unsatisfied with the tardy tempo.老板不满于这种缓慢的进度。
  • They waltz to the tempo of the music.他们跟着音乐的节奏跳华尔兹舞。
14 exquisite zhez1     
adj.精美的;敏锐的;剧烈的,感觉强烈的
参考例句:
  • I was admiring the exquisite workmanship in the mosaic.我当时正在欣赏镶嵌画的精致做工。
  • I still remember the exquisite pleasure I experienced in Bali.我依然记得在巴厘岛所经历的那种剧烈的快感。
15 metaphor o78zD     
n.隐喻,暗喻
参考例句:
  • Using metaphor,we say that computers have senses and a memory.打个比方,我们可以说计算机有感觉和记忆力。
  • In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love.玫瑰在诗中通常作为爱的象征。
16 corruption TzCxn     
n.腐败,堕落,贪污
参考例句:
  • The people asked the government to hit out against corruption and theft.人民要求政府严惩贪污盗窃。
  • The old man reviled against corruption.那老人痛斥了贪污舞弊。
17 imbued 0556a3f182102618d8c04584f11a6872     
v.使(某人/某事)充满或激起(感情等)( imbue的过去式和过去分词 );使充满;灌输;激发(强烈感情或品质等)
参考例句:
  • Her voice was imbued with an unusual seriousness. 她的声音里充满着一种不寻常的严肃语气。
  • These cultivated individuals have been imbued with a sense of social purpose. 这些有教养的人满怀着社会责任感。 来自《简明英汉词典》
18 trauma TJIzJ     
n.外伤,精神创伤
参考例句:
  • Counselling is helping him work through this trauma.心理辅导正帮助他面对痛苦。
  • The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma.恐惧症可能源于童年时期的创伤。
19 scent WThzs     
n.气味,香味,香水,线索,嗅觉;v.嗅,发觉
参考例句:
  • The air was filled with the scent of lilac.空气中弥漫着丁香花的芬芳。
  • The flowers give off a heady scent at night.这些花晚上散发出醉人的芳香。
20 explicit IhFzc     
adj.详述的,明确的;坦率的;显然的
参考例句:
  • She was quite explicit about why she left.她对自己离去的原因直言不讳。
  • He avoids the explicit answer to us.他避免给我们明确的回答。
21 graphic Aedz7     
adj.生动的,形象的,绘画的,文字的,图表的
参考例句:
  • The book gave a graphic description of the war.这本书生动地描述了战争的情况。
  • Distinguish important text items in lists with graphic icons.用图标来区分重要的文本项。
22 rejection FVpxp     
n.拒绝,被拒,抛弃,被弃
参考例句:
  • He decided not to approach her for fear of rejection.他因怕遭拒绝决定不再去找她。
  • The rejection plunged her into the dark depths of despair.遭到拒绝使她陷入了绝望的深渊。
23 supremacy 3Hzzd     
n.至上;至高权力
参考例句:
  • No one could challenge her supremacy in gymnastics.她是最优秀的体操运动员,无人能胜过她。
  • Theoretically,she holds supremacy as the head of the state.从理论上说,她作为国家的最高元首拥有至高无上的权力。
24 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
25 harass ceNzZ     
vt.使烦恼,折磨,骚扰
参考例句:
  • Our mission is to harass the landing of the main Japaness expeditionary force.我们的任务是骚乱日本远征军主力的登陆。
  • They received the order to harass the enemy's rear.他们接到骚扰敌人后方的命令。
26 harassed 50b529f688471b862d0991a96b6a1e55     
adj. 疲倦的,厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • He has complained of being harassed by the police. 他投诉受到警方侵扰。
  • harassed mothers with their children 带着孩子的疲惫不堪的母亲们
27 memo 4oXzGj     
n.照会,备忘录;便笺;通知书;规章
参考例句:
  • Do you want me to send the memo out?您要我把这份备忘录分发出去吗?
  • Can you type a memo for me?您能帮我打一份备忘录吗?
28 discredit fu3xX     
vt.使不可置信;n.丧失信义;不信,怀疑
参考例句:
  • Their behaviour has bought discredit on English football.他们的行为败坏了英国足球运动的声誉。
  • They no longer try to discredit the technology itself.他们不再试图怀疑这种技术本身。
29 caliber JsFzO     
n.能力;水准
参考例句:
  • They ought to win with players of such high caliber.他们选手的能力这样高,应该获胜。
  • We are always trying to improve the caliber of our schools.我们一直在想方设法提高我们学校的水平。
30 harry heBxS     
vt.掠夺,蹂躏,使苦恼
参考例句:
  • Today,people feel more hurried and harried.今天,人们感到更加忙碌和苦恼。
  • Obama harried business by Healthcare Reform plan.奥巴马用医改掠夺了商界。
31 influential l7oxK     
adj.有影响的,有权势的
参考例句:
  • He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
  • He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。
32 bureaucrat Onryo     
n. 官僚作风的人,官僚,官僚政治论者
参考例句:
  • He was just another faceless bureaucrat.他只不过是一个典型呆板的官员。
  • The economy is still controlled by bureaucrats.经济依然被官僚们所掌控。
33 prohibition 7Rqxw     
n.禁止;禁令,禁律
参考例句:
  • The prohibition against drunken driving will save many lives.禁止酒后开车将会减少许多死亡事故。
  • They voted in favour of the prohibition of smoking in public areas.他们投票赞成禁止在公共场所吸烟。
34 intercepting 610ea325c8da487d3cb8c3e52877af6a     
截取(技术),截接
参考例句:
  • The police had been intercepting my mail, ie reading it before it was delivered. 警方一直截查我的邮件。
  • We've been intercepting radio transmissions from Moscow. 我们已从莫斯科拦截到无线电信号。
35 repeal psVyy     
n.废止,撤消;v.废止,撤消
参考例句:
  • He plans to repeal a number of current policies.他计划废除一些当前的政策。
  • He has made out a strong case for the repeal of the law.他提出强有力的理由,赞成废除该法令。
36 treasury 7GeyP     
n.宝库;国库,金库;文库
参考例句:
  • The Treasury was opposed in principle to the proposals.财政部原则上反对这些提案。
  • This book is a treasury of useful information.这本书是有价值的信息宝库。
37 pretext 1Qsxi     
n.借口,托词
参考例句:
  • He used his headache as a pretext for not going to school.他借口头疼而不去上学。
  • He didn't attend that meeting under the pretext of sickness.他以生病为借口,没参加那个会议。
38 relentless VBjzv     
adj.残酷的,不留情的,无怜悯心的
参考例句:
  • The traffic noise is relentless.交通车辆的噪音一刻也不停止。
  • Their training has to be relentless.他们的训练必须是无情的。
39 warfare XhVwZ     
n.战争(状态);斗争;冲突
参考例句:
  • He addressed the audience on the subject of atomic warfare.他向听众演讲有关原子战争的问题。
  • Their struggle consists mainly in peasant guerrilla warfare.他们的斗争主要是农民游击战。
40 preys 008ad2ad9007c4d7b3ecfb54442db8fd     
v.掠食( prey的第三人称单数 );掠食;折磨;(人)靠欺诈为生
参考例句:
  • His misfortune preys upon his mind. 他的不幸使她心中苦恼。 来自辞典例句
  • The owl preys on mice. 猫头鹰捕食老鼠。 来自辞典例句
41 hatred T5Gyg     
n.憎恶,憎恨,仇恨
参考例句:
  • He looked at me with hatred in his eyes.他以憎恨的眼光望着我。
  • The old man was seized with burning hatred for the fascists.老人对法西斯主义者充满了仇恨。
42 hatreds 9617eab4250771c7c6d2e3f75474cf82     
n.仇恨,憎恶( hatred的名词复数 );厌恶的事
参考例句:
  • He had more enimies and hatreds than anyone could easily guess from his thoughtful expression. 从他的思想表达方式难以被人猜透来看,他的敌人和仇家是不会多的。 来自辞典例句
  • All the old and recent hatreds come to his mind. 旧恨新仇一起涌上他的心头。 来自互联网
43 addicted dzizmY     
adj.沉溺于....的,对...上瘾的
参考例句:
  • He was addicted to heroin at the age of 17.他17岁的时候对海洛因上了瘾。
  • She's become addicted to love stories.她迷上了爱情小说。
44 racist GSRxZ     
n.种族主义者,种族主义分子
参考例句:
  • a series of racist attacks 一连串的种族袭击行为
  • His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism. 他的讲话以民族主义为幌子宣扬种族主义思想。
45 memos 45cf27e47ed5150a0561ca46ec309d4e     
n.备忘录( memo的名词复数 );(美)内部通知
参考例句:
  • Big shots get their dander up and memos start flying. 大人物们怒火中烧,备忘录四下乱飞。 来自辞典例句
  • There was a pile of mail, memos and telephone messages on his desk. 他的办公桌上堆满着信件、备忘录和电话通知。 来自辞典例句
46 stunningly PhtzDU     
ad.令人目瞪口呆地;惊人地
参考例句:
  • The cooks, seamstresses and other small investors are stunningly vulnerable to reversals. 那些厨师、裁缝及其他的小投资者非常容易受到股市逆转的影响。
  • The production cost of this huge passenger liner is stunningly high. 这艘船城造价之高令人惊叹。
47 monstrously ef58bb5e1444fec1b23eef5db7b0ea4f     
参考例句:
  • There is a class of men in Bristol monstrously prejudiced against Blandly. 布里斯托尔有那么一帮人为此恨透了布兰德利。
  • You are monstrously audacious, how dare you misappropriate public funds? 你真是狗胆包天,公家的钱也敢挪用?
48 heroin IrSzHX     
n.海洛因
参考例句:
  • Customs have made their biggest ever seizure of heroin.海关查获了有史以来最大的一批海洛因。
  • Heroin has been smuggled out by sea.海洛因已从海上偷运出境。
49 slated 87d23790934cf766dc7204830faf2859     
用石板瓦盖( slate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Yuki is working up an in-home phonics program slated for Thursdays, and I'm drilling her on English conversation at dinnertime. Yuki每周四还有一次家庭语音课。我在晚餐时训练她的英语口语。
  • Bromfield was slated to become U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. 布罗姆菲尔德被提名为美国农业部长。
50 pinpoint xNExL     
vt.准确地确定;用针标出…的精确位置
参考例句:
  • It is difficult to pinpoint when water problems of the modern age began.很难准确地指出,现代用水的问题是什么时候出现的。
  • I could pinpoint his precise location on a map.我能在地图上指明他的准确位置。
51 bust WszzB     
vt.打破;vi.爆裂;n.半身像;胸部
参考例句:
  • I dropped my camera on the pavement and bust it. 我把照相机掉在人行道上摔坏了。
  • She has worked up a lump of clay into a bust.她把一块黏土精心制作成一个半身像。
52 indictment ybdzt     
n.起诉;诉状
参考例句:
  • He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。
  • They issued an indictment against them.他们起诉了他们。
53 intensifies ea3e6fadefd6a802a62d0ef63e69bace     
n.(使)增强, (使)加剧( intensify的名词复数 )v.(使)增强, (使)加剧( intensify的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • A clear atmosphere intensifies the blue of the sky. 纯净的空气使天空变得更蓝。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Blowing on fire intensifies the heat. 吹火使热度加强。 来自《简明英汉词典》
54 license B9TzU     
n.执照,许可证,特许;v.许可,特许
参考例句:
  • The foreign guest has a license on the person.这个外国客人随身携带执照。
  • The driver was arrested for having false license plates on his car.司机由于使用假车牌而被捕。
55 busted busted     
adj. 破产了的,失败了的,被降级的,被逮捕的,被抓到的 动词bust的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • You are so busted! 你被当场逮住了!
  • It was money troubles that busted up their marriage. 是金钱纠纷使他们的婚姻破裂了。
56 mobility H6rzu     
n.可动性,变动性,情感不定
参考例句:
  • The difference in regional house prices acts as an obstacle to mobility of labour.不同地区房价的差异阻碍了劳动力的流动。
  • Mobility is very important in guerrilla warfare.机动性在游击战中至关重要。
57 harassment weNxI     
n.骚扰,扰乱,烦恼,烦乱
参考例句:
  • She often got telephone harassment at night these days.这些天她经常在夜晚受到电话骚扰。
  • The company prohibits any form of harassment.公司禁止任何形式的骚扰行为。
58 collapsed cwWzSG     
adj.倒塌的
参考例句:
  • Jack collapsed in agony on the floor. 杰克十分痛苦地瘫倒在地板上。
  • The roof collapsed under the weight of snow. 房顶在雪的重压下突然坍塌下来。
59 withdrawal Cfhwq     
n.取回,提款;撤退,撤军;收回,撤销
参考例句:
  • The police were forced to make a tactical withdrawal.警方被迫进行战术撤退。
  • They insisted upon a withdrawal of the statement and a public apology.他们坚持要收回那些话并公开道歉。
60 physically iNix5     
adj.物质上,体格上,身体上,按自然规律
参考例句:
  • He was out of sorts physically,as well as disordered mentally.他浑身不舒服,心绪也很乱。
  • Every time I think about it I feel physically sick.一想起那件事我就感到极恶心。
61 distressed du1z3y     
痛苦的
参考例句:
  • He was too distressed and confused to answer their questions. 他非常苦恼而困惑,无法回答他们的问题。
  • The news of his death distressed us greatly. 他逝世的消息使我们极为悲痛。
62 killing kpBziQ     
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财
参考例句:
  • Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
  • Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。
63 wrenched c171af0af094a9c29fad8d3390564401     
v.(猛力地)扭( wrench的过去式和过去分词 );扭伤;使感到痛苦;使悲痛
参考例句:
  • The bag was wrenched from her grasp. 那只包从她紧握的手里被夺了出来。
  • He wrenched the book from her hands. 他从她的手中把书拧抢了过来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
64 eulogy 0nuxj     
n.颂词;颂扬
参考例句:
  • He needs no eulogy from me or from any other man. 他不需要我或者任何一个人来称颂。
  • Mr.Garth gave a long eulogy about their achievements in the research.加思先生对他们的研究成果大大地颂扬了一番。
65 retired Njhzyv     
adj.隐退的,退休的,退役的
参考例句:
  • The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
  • Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。
66 distinguished wu9z3v     
adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的
参考例句:
  • Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.大象以其长长的鼻子显示出与其他动物的不同。
  • A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests.宴会是为了向贵宾们致敬而举行的。
67 dedicated duHzy2     
adj.一心一意的;献身的;热诚的
参考例句:
  • He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
  • His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。
68 racism pSIxZ     
n.民族主义;种族歧视(意识)
参考例句:
  • He said that racism is endemic in this country.他说种族主义在该国很普遍。
  • Racism causes political instability and violence.种族主义道致政治动荡和暴力事件。
69 pharmacy h3hzT     
n.药房,药剂学,制药业,配药业,一批备用药品
参考例句:
  • She works at the pharmacy.她在药房工作。
  • Modern pharmacy has solved the problem of sleeplessness.现代制药学已经解决了失眠问题。
70 discreetly nuwz8C     
ad.(言行)审慎地,慎重地
参考例句:
  • He had only known the perennial widow, the discreetly expensive Frenchwoman. 他只知道她是个永远那么年轻的寡妇,一个很会讲排场的法国女人。
  • Sensing that Lilian wanted to be alone with Celia, Andrew discreetly disappeared. 安德鲁觉得莉莲想同西莉亚单独谈些什么,有意避开了。
71 bias 0QByQ     
n.偏见,偏心,偏袒;vt.使有偏见
参考例句:
  • They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
  • He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。
72 ethnic jiAz3     
adj.人种的,种族的,异教徒的
参考例句:
  • This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏,这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
  • The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。
73 addictions 08dc31943b9cad12eedd1150060b87f3     
瘾( addiction的名词复数 ); 吸毒成瘾; 沉溺; 癖好
参考例句:
  • He has removed the stigma of drug addictions. 他已经洗去吸毒的污点了。
  • Intelligent people are good at using reason to control excessive addictions. 智慧的人善于用理性来控制过度的嗜欲。
74 embodied 12aaccf12ed540b26a8c02d23d463865     
v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 );象征;包括;包含
参考例句:
  • a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth 代表黑人青年希望的政治家
  • The heroic deeds of him embodied the glorious tradition of the troops. 他的英雄事迹体现了军队的光荣传统。 来自《简明英汉词典》
75 diabetes uPnzu     
n.糖尿病
参考例句:
  • In case of diabetes, physicians advise against the use of sugar.对于糖尿病患者,医生告诫他们不要吃糖。
  • Diabetes is caused by a fault in the insulin production of the body.糖尿病是由体內胰岛素分泌失调引起的。
76 ongoing 6RvzT     
adj.进行中的,前进的
参考例句:
  • The problem is ongoing.这个问题尚未解决。
  • The issues raised in the report relate directly to Age Concern's ongoing work in this area.报告中提出的问题与“关心老人”组织在这方面正在做的工作有直接的关系。
77 legacy 59YzD     
n.遗产,遗赠;先人(或过去)留下的东西
参考例句:
  • They are the most precious cultural legacy our forefathers left.它们是我们祖先留下来的最宝贵的文化遗产。
  • He thinks the legacy is a gift from the Gods.他认为这笔遗产是天赐之物。
78 transcends dfa28a18c43373ca174d5387d99aafdf     
超出或超越(经验、信念、描写能力等)的范围( transcend的第三人称单数 ); 优于或胜过…
参考例句:
  • The chemical dilution technique transcends most of the difficulties. 化学稀释法能克服大部分困难。
  • The genius of Shakespeare transcends that of all other English poets. 莎士比亚的才华胜过所有的其他英国诗人。
79 byline sSXyQ     
n.署名;v.署名
参考例句:
  • His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
  • We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。
80 somber dFmz7     
adj.昏暗的,阴天的,阴森的,忧郁的
参考例句:
  • He had a somber expression on his face.他面容忧郁。
  • His coat was a somber brown.他的衣服是暗棕色的。
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