PBS高端访谈:倡导满足生活在印度贫民窟的数百万人的需求和尊严

 　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Next: bringing dignity to people who live in the poorest housing in India and across the world.

　　Fred de Sam Lazaro has a report from Mumbai on a man who founded the movement Slum Dwellers¹ International. It's part of our agents for change series.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Few cities display a wider gap between haves and have-nots than Mumbai or Bombay. Real estate here is costlier² than Manhattan, yet two-thirds of this city of 16 million people live in slums, crammed³ spaces that are technically⁴ illegal and by most measures unfit or unsafe for human habitation.

　　It's here that Jockin Arputham is a towering figure, even though he's barely 5 feet tall. His efforts have helped nearly 40,000 families get out of dangerous and unsanitary improvised⁵ shelters to complexes like this one, which is now providing new homes for squatters who are living under electric towers.

　　So you have 600 families here?

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM, Slum Dwellers International: Yes.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Six hundred. And how — OK. how much of a dent⁶ does that make? Are there are many more families who still need to be rehabilitated⁷?

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: There are about 3,000 families to be rehabilitated in this kind of scheme.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: And this is just people who are squatting⁸ in electric towers?

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: Yes.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: The apartments may not look like much, one 225-square-foot room, but of brick and mortar⁹, instead of plywood or tarp. They have running water and something the majority of Bombay's residents don't, a private toilet.

　　Of all the indignities¹⁰ suffered by slum dwellers, Arputham says none is more humiliating than not having a toilet, private or public.

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: It is the dignity. If you don't have a toilet, what does that mean?

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: You don't have dignity.

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: Exactly!

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: He knows it firsthand, he says, having migrated to the city 50 years ago from South India with almost no formal education and no money. He began to organize neighbors in the 1970s, and the group Slum Dwellers International went global in the '90s, fighting to gain recognition for slum residents as citizens in legitimate¹¹ communities.

　　Too often, he says, the urban poor have been stereotyped¹² as lazy and criminal.

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: Everybody, every house has one person meaningfully earning.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Meaningfully employed?

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: Meaningfully employed.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: And they come from all over the country?

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: All over, all over the country.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: The key to the group's progress has been organization, by rallying and banding together diverse slum populations. Their large numbers have forced often-indifferent government bureaucrats¹³ to take notice.

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: I create a critical mass. This is my critical mass!

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: They have used guerrilla tactics, nonviolent, they insist, to push for their rights or for basic amenities¹⁴ like water hookups. If the city ignores or takes too long to respond to their requests, Arputham takes on the task himself.

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: I'm going to break open water tap, giving the connection to them.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: You're going to tap into the pipes?

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: I've done it 1,000 times. When the police come, I put children in the first, then women.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Today, he says there's no trouble getting the electric utility to fund relocation for squatters who have lived under their towers or getting campaigning politicians to support the group's push for upgraded housing and especially public toilets.

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: This is for a little more than around 600 families.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Six hundred families.

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: Six hundred families.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Who don't have a toilet now.

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: Who don't have a toilet.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: When he began building community-run public toilets like this one 25 years ago, the funds mostly came from foreign aid agencies, he says.

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: Now the city government, municipal corporation totally pays for the capital investment of this construction.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: So far, they have completed or have contracts to build toilets serving some 600,000 people. They are run by the community with user fees, about 2 U.S. cents per day for a family.

　　A family, in this case Mamta and Dalsher Bidlan, is hired to maintain the facility in exchange for a small apartment above the structure.

　　Mamta Bidlan says having toilets so close to home means a lot for women, to whom this has long been a safety issue.

　　MAMTA BIDLAN, Toilet Manager (through interpreter): The women had to go a long distance before, and there were bad men hovering¹⁵ from outside that would create problems. Now it's very easy for women to come here.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Arputham credits much of the organization's success to its mostly female volunteers. Women have the right priorities for their families, he says, and they are keenly tuned¹⁶ in to goings-on in the community.

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: If you want a qualitative¹⁷ change in life, you have to take it from women. If you don't recognize that, you are lost.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: What kinds of things, specifically?

　　JOCKIN ARPUTHAM: Everything, starting from how to manage your money, how to earn your money, how to live. Women have all this quality which men doesn't have.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: The women volunteers were mostly stay-at-home spouse¹⁸, by tradition, not choice. They say their lives have been transformed.

　　MALATI AMRE (through interpreter): Women have gotten ahead now. In years past, women used to be afraid of leaving the home. We've been able to get them out of the home by forming an organization.

　　POOJA RAO (through interpreter): I used to be afraid of leaving the house, afraid of living in the neighborhood. Now I'm ready to do much more. He's given us the courage. He's taught us how to organize ourselves, how to deal with the police.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Police, who were once indifferent or even hostile, are now much more receptive and in fact partners with the Slum Dwellers group, providing space for a new system of arbitration¹⁹, so disputes over property or domestic issues don't escalate²⁰ to require arrests or court intervention²¹.

　　WOMAN (through interpreter): OK, we have heard your story. Now we'll invite him in and see what he has to say.

　　FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Slum Dwellers International now has chapters in 34 countries in Asia, Africa and South America. The success, though is dwarfed²² by the tasks they face in a world where a majority now lives in cities.

　　In Mumbai alone, perhaps nine million people still occupy unimproved slums or the sidewalk.

　　This is Fred de Sam Lazaro in Mumbai, India, for the PBS NewsHour.

1 dwellers   

n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• City dwellers think country folk have provincial attitudes. 城里人以为乡下人思想迂腐。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• They have transformed themselves into permanent city dwellers. 他们已成为永久的城市居民。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 costlier   

adj.昂贵的( costly的比较级 )；代价高的；引起困难的；造成损失的

参考例句：

• Alligator skin is five times more costlier than leather. 鳄鱼皮比通常的皮革要贵5倍。 来自互联网
• Disagreements among creditors can be costlier still. 债权人之间的分歧会加大重组的费用。 来自互联网

3 crammed   

adj.塞满的，挤满的；大口地吃；快速贪婪地吃v.把…塞满；填入；临时抱佛脚( cram的过去式)

参考例句：

• He crammed eight people into his car. 他往他的车里硬塞进八个人。
• All the shelves were crammed with books. 所有的架子上都堆满了书。

4 technically   

adv.专门地，技术上地

参考例句：

• Technically it is the most advanced equipment ever.从技术上说，这是最先进的设备。
• The tomato is technically a fruit,although it is eaten as a vegetable.严格地说，西红柿是一种水果，尽管它是当作蔬菜吃的。

5 improvised   

a.即席而作的,即兴的

参考例句：

• He improvised a song about the football team's victory. 他即席创作了一首足球队胜利之歌。
• We improvised a tent out of two blankets and some long poles. 我们用两条毛毯和几根长竿搭成一个临时帐蓬。

6 dent   

n.凹痕，凹坑；初步进展

参考例句：

• I don't know how it came about but I've got a dent in the rear of my car.我不知道是怎么回事，但我的汽车后部有了一个凹痕。
• That dent is not big enough to be worth hammering out.那个凹陷不大，用不着把它锤平。

7 rehabilitated   

改造（罪犯等）( rehabilitate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使恢复正常生活； 使恢复原状； 修复

参考例句：

• He has been rehabilitated in public esteem. 公众已恢复对他的敬重。
• Young persons need to be, wherever possible, rehabilitated rather than punished. 未成年人需要受到尽可能的矫正而不是惩罚。

8 squatting   

v.像动物一样蹲下( squat的现在分词 )；非法擅自占用（土地或房屋）；为获得其所有权；而占用某片公共用地。

参考例句：

• They ended up squatting in the empty houses on Oxford Road. 他们落得在牛津路偷住空房的境地。
• They've been squatting in an apartment for the past two years. 他们过去两年来一直擅自占用一套公寓。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 mortar   

n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮；v.把…用灰浆涂接合

参考例句：

• The mason flushed the joint with mortar.泥工用灰浆把接缝处嵌平。
• The sound of mortar fire seemed to be closing in.迫击炮的吼声似乎正在逼近。

10 indignities   

n.侮辱，轻蔑( indignity的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The soldiers who were captured suffered many indignities at the hands of the enemy. 被俘的士兵在敌人手中受尽侮辱。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• What sort of indignities would he be forced to endure? 他会被迫忍受什么样的侮辱呢？ 来自辞典例句

11 legitimate   

adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法

参考例句：

• Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
• That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。

12 stereotyped   

adj.(指形象、思想、人物等)模式化的

参考例句：

• There is a sameness about all these tales. They're so stereotyped -- all about talented scholars and lovely ladies. 这些书就是一套子，左不过是些才子佳人，最没趣儿。
• He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) link with our ancestral past. 它们是恐怖电影和惊险小说中的老一套的怪物，并且与我们的祖先有着明显的（虽然可能没有科学的）联系。

13 bureaucrats   

n.官僚( bureaucrat的名词复数 )；官僚主义；官僚主义者；官僚语言

参考例句：

• That is the fate of the bureaucrats, not the inspiration of statesmen. 那是官僚主义者的命运，而不是政治家的灵感。 来自辞典例句
• Big business and dozens of anonymous bureaucrats have as much power as Japan's top elected leaders. 大企业和许多不知名的官僚同日本选举出来的最高层领导者们的权力一样大。 来自辞典例句

14 amenities   

n.令人愉快的事物；礼仪；礼节；便利设施；礼仪( amenity的名词复数 )；便利设施；（环境等的）舒适；（性情等的）愉快

参考例句：

• The campsite is close to all local amenities. 营地紧靠当地所有的便利设施。
• Parks and a theatre are just some of the town's local amenities. 公园和戏院只是市镇娱乐设施的一部分。 来自《简明英汉词典》

15 hovering   

鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫

参考例句：

• The helicopter was hovering about 100 metres above the pad. 直升机在离发射台一百米的上空盘旋。
• I'm hovering between the concert and the play tonight. 我犹豫不决今晚是听音乐会还是看戏。

16 tuned   

adj.调谐的，已调谐的v.调音( tune的过去式和过去分词 )；调整；（给收音机、电视等）调谐；使协调

参考例句：

• The resort is tuned in to the tastes of young and old alike. 这个度假胜地适合各种口味，老少皆宜。
• The instruments should be tuned up before each performance. 每次演出开始前都应将乐器调好音。 来自《简明英汉词典》

17 qualitative   

adj.性质上的，质的，定性的

参考例句：

• There are qualitative differences in the way children and adults think.孩子和成年人的思维方式有质的不同。
• Arms races have a quantitative and a qualitative aspects.军备竞赛具有数量和质量两个方面。

18 spouse   

n.配偶(指夫或妻)

参考例句：

• Her spouse will come to see her on Sunday.她的丈夫星期天要来看她。
• What is the best way to keep your spouse happy in the marriage?在婚姻中保持配偶幸福的最好方法是什么？

19 arbitration   

n.调停，仲裁

参考例句：

• The wage disagreement is under arbitration.工资纠纷正在仲裁中。
• Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding.双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。

20 escalate   

v.(使)逐步增长(或发展)，(使)逐步升级

参考例句：

• It would tempt Israel's neighbors to escalate their demands.它将诱使以色列的邻国不断把他们的要求升级。
• Defeat could cause one side or other to escalate the conflict.失败可能会导致其中一方将冲突升级。

21 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

22 dwarfed   

vt.（使）显得矮小（dwarf的过去式与过去分词形式）

参考例句：

• The old houses were dwarfed by the huge new tower blocks. 这些旧房子在新建的高楼大厦的映衬下显得十分矮小。
• The elephant dwarfed the tortoise. 那只乌龟跟那头象相比就显得很小。 来自《简明英汉词典》