PBS高端访谈:克利夫兰的警务改革将会为其他城市提供蓝本?

 　　GWEN IFILL: The Department of Justice and the city of Cleveland announced a sweeping¹ legal settlement today that rewrites the rules for the city's police department after recurring² instances of the use of excessive force.

　　The U.S. attorney, the city police chief and Cleveland's mayor all praised the agreement at a joint³ news conference.

　　STEVEN DETTELBACH, U.S. Attorney, Northern District of Ohio: Compliance⁴ with this agreement, which means taking on truly systemic change, is going to be — and I say this as a Clevelander — it's going to be hard work.

　　CALVIN WILLIAMS, Chief, Cleveland Division of Police: We talked a lot about the nuts and bolts of this, but what it really comes down to is, we have to, I have to, as chief, make sure that that community policing philosophy is part of the DNA⁵ of the Cleveland Division of Police. And that's what I intend to do.

　　MAYOR FRANK JACKSON, Cleveland: I have expressed throughout this my major issue was twofold, one, that it didn't go far enough, and, two, that we wanted to have substantive⁶, real reform that was sustainable, not just, as the U.S. attorney said, some pretense⁷ of reform. So this gives us the tools.

　　GWEN IFILL: For more on what it took to get to this agreement, and what happens next, I'm joined by Ronnie Dunn, associate professor of urban studies at Cleveland State University. He also serves on the Ohio Task Force on Community-Police Relations.

　　Thank you for joining us.

　　In the wake of the Brelo — the Brelo guilty — not guilty verdict this weekend, the officer who was part of the more than 100 shots fired at two people in the car, and as we wait on Tamir Rice verdict, at least one other big high-profile verdict, what is the significance of what the Justice Department and the city agreed to today?

　　RONNIE DUNN, Cleveland State University: Well, Gwen, I think it's a first step along this long road that we need to transform the relationship between the community and the police department sworn to serve them. This is a very robust⁸ and comprehensive reform package.

　　GWEN IFILL: One of the things that the assistant attorney general for civil rights from the Justice Department mentioned today was, this would restore constitutional policing.

　　Most Americans would be surprised to realize that that wasn't something that was already happening. Can you explain what the definition of constitutional policing is?

　　RONNIE DUNN: Well, it's policing in line with the U.S. Constitution, particularly equal protection under the law and regarding protection from unreasonable⁹ search and seizure¹⁰, and just the protection of citizens' constitutional rights, regardless of their background, socioeconomic, racial, ethnic¹¹, gender¹², or sexual orientation¹³ or otherwise.

　　GWEN IFILL: That seems pretty straightforward¹⁴, but it doesn't seem like that would need a department — Justice Department settlement to accomplish.

　　What is in this finding, this agreement, this settlement, that would transform, as the mayor said, would transform the city police department and the city?

　　RONNIE DUNN: Well, there are quite a few components¹⁵, particularly the revamping and revision of the use of force policies, which were the particular finding of the DOJ investigation¹⁶, excessive use of deadly and excessive force.

　　And, as you know, we have had a number of tragic¹⁷ instances which you made reference to. So, it directly addresses that, as well as what is really unique and novel about this is, it places civilian¹⁸ involvement, and the head of the internal affairs unit for the police department will be headed by a civilian. That is novel. That is unique. Nowhere in the nation is that currently in place.

　　So, this can truly be a model for policing in the 21st century, if implemented¹⁹ as designed.

　　GWEN IFILL: If implemented as designed. We heard the judge say this weekend that part of the reason why the police officer wasn't found guilty of voluntary manslaughter is that he did perceive a threat.

　　So, what does this agreement do to speak to this idea that some people, some officers, some civilians²⁰ perceive threats which it turns out may not exist?

　　RONNIE DUNN: Yes, I'm glad you asked that question.

　　It specifically addresses training. There's a lot of emphasis on training, resources for equipment and training. And specifically to your question, there's threat perception training, and de-escalation tactics that will be implemented. And that, along with cultural competency and bias²¹-free policing as well, will all be part of this — this reform package.

　　GWEN IFILL: When the — when the Justice Department first came out with this finding against the city of Cleveland, it never really mentioned race. But you're saying that this agreement will speak to things like implicit²² bias?

　　RONNIE DUNN: Yes, absolutely.

　　That was insistent²³ and a very salient theme throughout the community forums²⁴ that were held, both throughout the city relative to this, this investigation, and throughout the state, actually. So, bias-free policing and data collection are definitely incorporated, embedded²⁵ in the — in this package.

　　GWEN IFILL: I know you understand, and you live in and you paid very close attention to what's happened in Cleveland and Ohio, but part of what the — all the levels of government were saying today is, this would be a blueprint²⁶ for cities around the country.

　　You have written far more widely on this than just Cleveland, so maybe you can tell us, how would it be a blueprint for other cities?

　　RONNIE DUNN: Well, as I said, when you consider the fact that it now embeds²⁷ civilians over the internal affairs division, for example, that is how you would begin to change the culture in — within the police institution.

　　We hear so much about the thin blue line and that blue wall of silence, and trying to impact that. Well, this is how — in part, how you begin to shift and change that insular²⁸ culture within the police agency.

　　GWEN IFILL: Do you anticipate any resistance from unions, police unions, or the police officers themselves about the idea that a civilian would be in charge of their internal affairs investigations²⁹?

　　RONNIE DUNN: Well, I'm sure there will be some resistance initially³⁰, but, hopefully, everyone will see through the process, through the implementation³¹ process that this is essential for the better. This not only benefits the community. It benefits police officers as well. It makes them able to perform their jobs more effectively, more safely, and provides them with the necessary tools, training, and equipment that they need to do so.

　　So, I think that, ultimately, when we look at cities across the country, Cincinnati, for example, where they have come under DOJ guidance with a consent decree, we see that, over time, there has been a transformation³² in the relationship between the police and the community, where now they have a partnership³³ and true collaborative policing, co-policing, to make the community safer overall.

　　GWEN IFILL: Professor Ronnie Dunn of Cleveland State University, thank you very much.

　　RONNIE DUNN: Thank you.

1 sweeping   

adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的

参考例句：

• The citizens voted for sweeping reforms.公民投票支持全面的改革。
• Can you hear the wind sweeping through the branches?你能听到风掠过树枝的声音吗？

2 recurring   

adj.往复的，再次发生的

参考例句：

• This kind of problem is recurring often. 这类问题经常发生。
• For our own country, it has been a time for recurring trial. 就我们国家而言，它经过了一个反复考验的时期。

3 joint   

adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合

参考例句：

• I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。
• We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。

4 compliance   

n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从

参考例句：

• I was surprised by his compliance with these terms.我对他竟然依从了这些条件而感到吃惊。
• She gave up the idea in compliance with his desire.她顺从他的愿望而放弃自己的主意。

5 DNA   

(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸

参考例句：

• DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
• Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。

6 substantive   

adj.表示实在的；本质的、实质性的；独立的；n.实词，实名词；独立存在的实体

参考例句：

• They plan to meet again in Rome very soon to begin substantive negotiations.他们计划不久在罗马再次会晤以开始实质性的谈判。
• A president needs substantive advice,but he also requires emotional succor. 一个总统需要实质性的建议，但也需要感情上的支持。

7 pretense   

n.矫饰，做作，借口

参考例句：

• You can't keep up the pretense any longer.你无法继续伪装下去了。
• Pretense invariably impresses only the pretender.弄虚作假欺骗不了真正的行家。

8 robust   

adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的

参考例句：

• She is too tall and robust.她个子太高，身体太壮。
• China wants to keep growth robust to reduce poverty and avoid job losses,AP commented.美联社评论道，中国希望保持经济强势增长，以减少贫困和失业状况。

9 unreasonable   

adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的

参考例句：

• I know that they made the most unreasonable demands on you.我知道他们对你提出了最不合理的要求。
• They spend an unreasonable amount of money on clothes.他们花在衣服上的钱太多了。

10 seizure   

n.没收；占有；抵押

参考例句：

• The seizure of contraband is made by customs.那些走私品是被海关没收的。
• The courts ordered the seizure of all her property.法院下令查封她所有的财产。

11 ethnic   

adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的

参考例句：

• This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏，这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
• The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。

12 gender   

n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性

参考例句：

• French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。
• Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

13 orientation   

n.方向，目标；熟悉，适应，情况介绍

参考例句：

• Children need some orientation when they go to school.小孩子上学时需要适应。
• The traveller found his orientation with the aid of a good map.旅行者借助一幅好地图得知自己的方向。

14 straightforward   

adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的

参考例句：

• A straightforward talk is better than a flowery speech.巧言不如直说。
• I must insist on your giving me a straightforward answer.我一定要你给我一个直截了当的回答。

15 components   

（机器、设备等的）构成要素，零件，成分； 成分( component的名词复数 )； [物理化学]组分； [数学]分量； （混合物的）组成部分

参考例句：

• the components of a machine 机器部件
• Our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。

16 investigation   

n.调查，调查研究

参考例句：

• In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
• He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。

17 tragic   

adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的

参考例句：

• The effect of the pollution on the beaches is absolutely tragic.污染海滩后果可悲。
• Charles was a man doomed to tragic issues.查理是个注定不得善终的人。

18 civilian   

adj.平民的，民用的，民众的

参考例句：

• There is no reliable information about civilian casualties.关于平民的伤亡还没有确凿的信息。
• He resigned his commission to take up a civilian job.他辞去军职而从事平民工作。

19 implemented   

v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革，经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句

20 civilians   

平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓

参考例句：

• the bloody massacre of innocent civilians 对无辜平民的血腥屠杀
• At least 300 civilians are unaccounted for after the bombing raids. 遭轰炸袭击之后，至少有300名平民下落不明。

21 bias   

n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见

参考例句：

• They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
• He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。

22 implicit   

a.暗示的，含蓄的，不明晰的，绝对的

参考例句：

• A soldier must give implicit obedience to his officers. 士兵必须绝对服从他的长官。
• Her silence gave implicit consent. 她的沉默表示默许。

23 insistent   

adj.迫切的，坚持的

参考例句：

• There was an insistent knock on my door.我听到一阵急促的敲门声。
• He is most insistent on this point.他在这点上很坚持。

24 forums   

讨论会； 座谈会； 广播专题讲话节目； 集会的公共场所( forum的名词复数 )； 论坛，讨论会，专题讨论节目； 法庭

参考例句：

• A few of the forums were being closely monitored by the administrators. 有些论坛被管理员严密监控。
• It can cast a dark cloud over these forums. 它将是的论坛上空布满乌云。

25 embedded   

a.扎牢的

参考例句：

• an operation to remove glass that was embedded in his leg 取出扎入他腿部玻璃的手术
• He has embedded his name in the minds of millions of people. 他的名字铭刻在数百万人民心中。

26 blueprint   

n.蓝图，设计图，计划；vt.制成蓝图，计划

参考例句：

• All the machine parts on a blueprint must answer each other.设计图上所有的机器部件都应互相配合。
• The documents contain a blueprint for a nuclear device.文件内附有一张核装置的设计蓝图。

27 embeds   

把…嵌入，埋入( embed的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The compiler embeds only the type information that your application uses. 编译器只嵌入您的应用程序所使用的类型信息。
• Embeds an image or a video clip in the document. 在文档中嵌入图像或视频片断。

28 insular   

adj.岛屿的，心胸狭窄的

参考例句：

• A continental climate is different from an insular one.大陆性气候不同于岛屿气候。
• Having lived in one place all his life,his views are insular.他一辈子住在一个地方，所以思想狭隘。

29 investigations   

（正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究

参考例句：

• His investigations were intensive and thorough but revealed nothing. 他进行了深入彻底的调查，但没有发现什么。
• He often sent them out to make investigations. 他常常派他们出去作调查。

30 initially   

adv.最初，开始

参考例句：

• The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
• Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。

31 implementation   

n.实施，贯彻

参考例句：

• Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。

32 transformation   

n.变化；改造；转变

参考例句：

• Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook.上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。
• He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband.他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。

33 partnership   

n.合作关系，伙伴关系

参考例句：

• The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
• Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。