PBS高端访谈:乌克兰爆发的暴力冲突是否预示着更多摩擦的到来?

 　　GWEN IFILL: Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko told his military today to prepare for a possible full-scale invasion from Russia. The remarks came one day after a new outbreak of fighting in Eastern Ukraine, which claimed the lives of more than 25 people and injured dozens more.

　　Speaking to the Ukrainian Parliament, Poroshenko described what he called a colossal¹ threat of the resumption of large-scale hostilities² by Russian and terrorist forces. And he said, contrary to Moscow's denials, those Russian troops are in rebel-controlled areas.

　　PRESIDENT PETRO POROSHENKO, Ukraine (through interpreter): In Ukrainian territory, there are 14 Russian battalions³, tactical groups that include over 9,000 Russian military servicemen. The concentration of Russian servicemen along the national border with Ukraine is 1.5 times bigger than a year ago.

　　The military must be ready as much for a renewal⁴ of an offensive by the enemy in the Donbass as they are for a full-scale invasion along the whole length of the border with Russia. We must be truly ready for this.

　　GWEN IFILL: A cease-fire signed in February has been steadily⁵ crumbling⁶, as international monitors report regular violations⁷.

　　David Herszenhorn of The New York Times has been following the story from Moscow.

　　Those were pretty strong words from Petro Poroshenko today, David. And they were backed up from what NATO — by what NATO has been saying as well.

　　DAVID HERSZENHORN, The New York Times: There's no question, Gwen.

　　What we see is that we have entered a very tense, in fact, obviously quite dangerous period of time, where Ukraine's Western allies, especially France and Germany, have become extremely frustrated⁸ by the slow pace, the failure actually to implement⁹ that Minsk 2 cease-fire accord signed back in February.

　　And so what we see is an increase in hostilities, as both sides are trying to show that the other is responsible for these violations, for the increase in violence and for the failure to move forward with political compromises need for a long-term settlement.

　　GWEN IFILL: What has happened between — since February, between now and then, that's resulted in this latest kind of explosion of violence?

　　DAVID HERSZENHORN: Well, what we see now is that the European Union has begun to consider whether to extend economic sanctions against Russia. Those are set to expire without any further action by the end of July.

　　The cease-fire had been mostly holding, but as each side tries to position itself, of course, we expect that this kind of violence will flare¹⁰ up. At the same time, Petro Poroshenko has now come upon a full year since his inauguration¹¹. It's been a very tough year for Ukraine. He made that clear in his speech today.

　　The country is suffering greatly. And the economy is on the verge¹² of collapse¹³. They feel this constant threat of war. And so the tensions really are running high. And now, as we push toward this question of a renewal of sanctions, each side wants to show that the other is more at fault, laying the groundwork for what could be tough talks ahead.

　　GWEN IFILL: What, if any, evidence does Poroshenko or NATO or anyone have of the presence of Russian activity along the border?

　　DAVID HERSZENHORN: Well, there is no question, amid all the finger-pointing, there are certain things that we know in fact are true.

　　There's a lot of heavy equipment, tanks, weaponry that is on the ground still in Eastern Ukraine. Most of that appears, if not all of it, to have come from Russia across the border, which is unsecured. That border is open. There are vehicles, fighters able to pass back and forth¹⁴, whether they're volunteers, as Russia has insisted, or regular forces of the Russian Federation¹⁵, as Mr. Poroshenko is suggesting.

　　So we have that evidence. We also have the international monitors from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe pointing out the other day that they'd actually encountered some fighters in Russian uniform. They have not said that before, where they actually see the insignias of the Russian military.

　　At the same time, Ukraine has captured two soldiers, fighters that it said were regular duty active Russian military personnel. They have said the same thing. Of course, they're in captivity¹⁶. They're being held in a military hospital in Kiev, the hospital, and so there is increasing evidence that in fact Russia's intervention¹⁷ in Ukraine continues.

　　GWEN IFILL: So does that mean that the cease-fire that was so painstakingly¹⁸ hammered out is basically no longer worth the paper it's printed on?

　　DAVID HERSZENHORN: Well, the cease-fire has been precarious¹⁹ all along.

　　What we have seen now is that certainly Ukraine will be pressuring its allies, the United States and Europe, to make sure that there is no letup in economic sanctions against Russia. There is obviously fatigue²⁰ in the West. Some of the European countries are suffering quite a great deal themselves from countersanctions that Russia has imposed. So I think we will see again quite a bit of tension as we move toward this question in Brussels of whether to renew sanctions or not.

　　GWEN IFILL: So, no matter how you look at it, whether the sanctions are working or not, whether Russia is there or not, it sounds like there is another spiral under way.

　　DAVID HERSZENHORN: There's no question there's another spiral under way.

　　And what the West is grappling with is really a lack of will on both sides to implement that cease-fire accord that was signed in February. For each side, it seems that the status quo is preferable to moving forward with the really tough political decisions that need to be made.

　　One of the things Mr. Poroshenko has been pushing for is a decentralization process in Ukraine, which would give more power to mayors, essentially²¹ making governors and officials at the regional level sort of an intermediary between the federal government and local government. Of course, in Eastern Ukraine, what the separatists, pro-Russian side, and Russia would like to see, are very strong governors, perhaps even presidents of the autonomous²² regions of Donetsk and Luhansk, who are potentially more loyal to Moscow than they are to Kiev.

　　So there are very different views of what the future politically ought to look like in Ukraine. And pushing off those tough questions seems to be what a lot of these new hostilities are about.

　　GWEN IFILL: David Herszenhorn, reporting from Moscow for The New York Times tonight, thank you.

　　DAVID HERSZENHORN: Thank you.

1 colossal   

adj.异常的，庞大的

参考例句：

• There has been a colossal waste of public money.一直存在巨大的公款浪费。
• Some of the tall buildings in that city are colossal.那座城市里的一些高层建筑很庞大。

2 hostilities   

n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事

参考例句：

• Mexico called for an immediate cessation of hostilities. 墨西哥要求立即停止敌对行动。
• All the old hostilities resurfaced when they met again. 他们再次碰面时，过去的种种敌意又都冒了出来。

3 battalions   

n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍

参考例句：

• God is always on the side of the strongest battalions. 上帝总是帮助强者。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Two battalions were disposed for an attack on the air base. 配置两个营的兵力进攻空军基地。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

4 renewal   

adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来

参考例句：

• Her contract is coming up for renewal in the autumn.她的合同秋天就应该续签了。
• Easter eggs symbolize the renewal of life.复活蛋象征新生。

5 steadily   

adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地

参考例句：

• The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。
• Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。

6 crumbling   

adj.摇摇欲坠的

参考例句：

• an old house with crumbling plaster and a leaking roof 一所灰泥剥落、屋顶漏水的老房子
• The boat was tied up alongside a crumbling limestone jetty. 这条船停泊在一个摇摇欲坠的石灰岩码头边。

7 violations   

违反( violation的名词复数 )； 冒犯； 违反（行为、事例）； 强奸

参考例句：

• This is one of the commonest traffic violations. 这是常见的违反交通规则之例。
• These violations of the code must cease forthwith. 这些违犯法规的行为必须立即停止。

8 frustrated   

adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧

参考例句：

• It's very easy to get frustrated in this job. 这个工作很容易令人懊恼。
• The bad weather frustrated all our hopes of going out. 恶劣的天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 implement   

n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行

参考例句：

• Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划，除非你能完成这项计划。
• The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。

10 flare   

v.闪耀，闪烁；n.潮红；突发

参考例句：

• The match gave a flare.火柴发出闪光。
• You need not flare up merely because I mentioned your work.你大可不必因为我提到你的工作就动怒。

11 inauguration   

n.开幕、就职典礼

参考例句：

• The inauguration of a President of the United States takes place on January 20.美国总统的就职典礼于一月二十日举行。
• Three celebrated tenors sang at the president's inauguration.3位著名的男高音歌手在总统就职仪式上演唱。

12 verge   

n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• She was on the verge of bursting into tears.她快要哭出来了。

13 collapse   

vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。

14 forth   

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

• The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
• He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

15 federation   

n.同盟，联邦，联合，联盟，联合会

参考例句：

• It is a federation of 10 regional unions.它是由十个地方工会结合成的联合会。
• Mr.Putin was inaugurated as the President of the Russian Federation.普京正式就任俄罗斯联邦总统。

16 captivity   

n.囚禁；被俘；束缚

参考例句：

• A zoo is a place where live animals are kept in captivity for the public to see.动物园是圈养动物以供公众观看的场所。
• He was held in captivity for three years.他被囚禁叁年。

17 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

18 painstakingly   

adv. 费力地 苦心地

参考例句：

• Every aspect of the original has been closely studied and painstakingly reconstructed. 原作的每一细节都经过了仔细研究，费尽苦心才得以重现。
• The cause they contrived so painstakingly also ended in failure. 他们惨淡经营的事业也以失败而告终。

19 precarious   

adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的

参考例句：

• Our financial situation had become precarious.我们的财务状况已变得不稳定了。
• He earned a precarious living as an artist.作为一个艺术家，他过得是朝不保夕的生活。

20 fatigue   

n.疲劳，劳累

参考例句：

• The old lady can't bear the fatigue of a long journey.这位老妇人不能忍受长途旅行的疲劳。
• I have got over my weakness and fatigue.我已从虚弱和疲劳中恢复过来了。

21 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

22 autonomous   

adj.自治的；独立的

参考例句：

• They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
• This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。