PBS高端访谈:全欧洲必须做更多来帮助希腊脱离债务危机

 　　GWEN IFILL: Europe and Greece finally appear to be close to a bailout deal to provide Athens a financial lifeline. But it appears that battle is not yet over.

　　A new front has opened whether to provide permanent relief for Greece's $330 billion debt, whether by extending repayment¹, encouraging creditors³ to take a loss, called taking a haircut, or canceling some of what's owed outright⁴.

　　The International Monetary⁵ Fund, one of Greece's many creditors, says that, without some form of debt restructuring, the Greek economy will remain in freefall.

　　Earlier today, I talked about that with the IMF's managing director, Christine Lagarde.

　　Christine Lagarde, thank you so much for joining us.

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund: Pleasure.

　　GWEN IFILL: After everything we have seen develop in Greece over the last several weeks and especially in the last week, you have said that even more might be necessary, that debt relief is important. How would that happen?

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: It can take different forms.

　　It could be significant rescheduling, with extension of maturities⁶ over time, with an extended grace period, with compressed interest. It can be a haircut. It can be budget transfers. I think on the — I'm very realistic, and we try to be. What we heard loud and clear is that the euro area members are not particularly keen to do haircuts. That was clear. And budget transfers is not in the cards either.

　　GWEN IFILL: So writing off part of the debt is not an option?

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: It's — I think what we said is significant restructuring, which can take the form of a reprofiling for Greece.

　　GWEN IFILL: Is that something that your European partners are fans of?

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: I don't think any creditor² is a fan of any kind of reprofiling, because what it means is that you carry the debt in your books for much longer and you carry the claim in your books for much longer.

　　So, no, no creditor is keen to do that. But it's also important to actually make sure that the country is on track, that the debt is sustainable, and that there is a chance of reimbursement⁷.

　　GWEN IFILL: Was it also because of the political ramifications⁸ that we didn't hear about this earlier, that you didn't push harder for this as part of the original negotiations⁹?

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: Oh, it's been on the table of negotiations all along.

　　And the IMF has been very clear all along that the debt issue was to be addressed and was critical. That's not a — it's not a new development. It's been probably more public on the basis of transparency, because I think it's just best to have it all out. But it's been very clear to all the euro area finance ministers, to the euro area partners, to everybody.

　　GWEN IFILL: The question is a matter of magnitude, really, how much trouble Greece is in, how much more serious it is than even it seemed to be a week ago.

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: You're right. It's a matter of amount, how much of it has to be reprofiled, so that Greece looks at the sustainable parts, and we believe that it's a significant amount.

　　GWEN IFILL: Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras has not been, how shall we say, enthusiastic about this deal, even though he agreed to it and continues to push for it, but very reluctantly. Would you like to see him push for it harder?

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: There are two ways to look at it.

　　You look at the votes last night, and it's quite an impressive vote to support the proposal and to actually take the steps, which is even more encouraging, in terms of development. And then there is the ownership of it all.

　　I think ownership, and I hope ownership is going to come gradually, as those measures will actually unfold in a satisfactory manner, will unleash¹⁰ additional financing, will help the country towards being more stable, people having better access to their own finances.

　　GWEN IFILL: I wonder if it requires public opinion to shift away from where it is right now, and what we have seen in the past and which caused such heartburn this time was that Greece has not lived up to its pledges and commitments, or at least a lot of European leaders feel that. What's different this time?

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: There are two things.

　　One is, there is a very strong aspiration¹¹ by the Greek people to be part of the euro area, to stay within the zone, to keep that currency, and that's a positive. The second thing is that to actually be a member of the club, you have to play by the rules.

　　And if we see the momentum¹² observed in the last few days since the weekend, however difficult it has been, however laborious¹³, if we see that momentum continue and pick up with very difficult negotiations coming up and difficult implementation¹⁴ to follow, then it means that not only are they enthusiastic about being in the Eurozone, but they're also prepared to take the right measures to free up the economy, to privatize what needs to be privatized, to respect the budget rules that need to be respected and to unleash the potential of the Greek economy.

　　GWEN IFILL: Let's talk about being a member of the club. The German foreign — finance minister today raised the specter again of Greek exiting the euro, something which I thought had been settled. Is this still a live possibility, do you think?

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: It's a point that was in the initial draft on Saturday night or Sunday morning, which has been moved out of the final euro area communique signed off by the leaders.

　　GWEN IFILL: A temporary exit and then coming back?

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: Yes, that was taken out of the draft.

　　So the document that is the law of the parties now is that communique, which does not include the temporary exit. Of course, everything else needs to be done, so balanced program, commitments on the parts of the Greek to reform the economy, to move towards safe, healthy fiscal¹⁵ policies, and, on the other hand, support by the euro area partners in terms of both financing, because they need additional financing soon, and debt restructuring, in order to lighten the burden of debt going forward.

　　GWEN IFILL: And I guess the question is, is there willingness? Is there willingness?

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: I know how hard it is going to be, no question.

　　But I'm encouraged by what has happened over the last four days. Strong, you know, momentum laboriously¹⁶ built over the weekend. And then I said — yesterday, I said very tight timetable, colossal¹⁷ challenge. I think the very tight timetable, they're delivering against. They passed the legislation yesterday.

　　The ECB took notice of it and moved up…

　　GWEN IFILL: The European Central Bank.

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: Yes, the European Central Bank moved up the emergency liquidity¹⁸ assistance line.

　　Sooner or later, the banks will reopen, as, you know, a sign that confidence is restored. And the Europeans have found bridge financing in order to pay the outstanding.

　　GWEN IFILL: Christine Lagarde, head of the IMF, thank you very much.

　　CHRISTINE LAGARDE: Thank you so much.

1 repayment   

n.偿还，偿还款；报酬

参考例句：

• I am entitled to a repayment for the damaged goods.我有权利索取货物损坏赔偿金。
• The tax authorities have been harrying her for repayment.税务局一直在催她补交税款。

2 creditor   

n.债仅人，债主，贷方

参考例句：

• The boss assigned his car to his creditor.那工头把自己的小汽车让与了债权人。
• I had to run away from my creditor whom I made a usurious loan.我借了高利贷不得不四处躲债。

3 creditors   

n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They agreed to repay their creditors over a period of three years. 他们同意3年内向债主还清欠款。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Creditors could obtain a writ for the arrest of their debtors. 债权人可以获得逮捕债务人的令状。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 outright   

adv.坦率地；彻底地；立即；adj.无疑的；彻底的

参考例句：

• If you have a complaint you should tell me outright.如果你有不满意的事，你应该直率地对我说。
• You should persuade her to marry you outright.你应该彻底劝服她嫁给你。

5 monetary   

adj.货币的，钱的；通货的；金融的；财政的

参考例句：

• The monetary system of some countries used to be based on gold.过去有些国家的货币制度是金本位制的。
• Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。

6 maturities   

n.成熟（maturity的复数形式）

参考例句：

• Maturities of commercial paper range from three days to nine months. 商业票据的期限从3天到9个月不等。 来自互联网
• German federal government bonds issued with maturities of up to 30 years. 指期限可长达30年的德国联邦政府债券。 来自互联网

7 reimbursement   

n.偿还，退还

参考例句：

• He received reimbursement for his travel expenses.由于出差的花费他可以得到公司的补偿。
• Which forms do I need to complete for my travel reimbursement?我需要填什么表来报我的旅费？

8 ramifications   

n.结果，后果( ramification的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• These changes are bound to have widespread social ramifications. 这些变化注定会造成许多难以预料的社会后果。
• What are the ramifications of our decision to join the union? 我们决定加入工会会引起哪些后果呢？ 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 negotiations   

协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过

参考例句：

• negotiations for a durable peace 为持久和平而进行的谈判
• Negotiations have failed to establish any middle ground. 谈判未能达成任何妥协。

10 unleash   

vt.发泄，发出；解带子放开

参考例句：

• They hope to create allies to unleash against diseases,pests,and invasive species.他们希望创造出一些新群体来对付疾病、害虫和一些有侵害性的物种。
• Changing water levels now at times unleash a miasma of disease from exposed sewage.如今，大坝不时地改变水位，从暴露的污水释放出了疾病瘴气。

11 aspiration   

n.志向，志趣抱负；渴望；(语)送气音；吸出

参考例句：

• Man's aspiration should be as lofty as the stars.人的志气应当象天上的星星那么高。
• Young Addison had a strong aspiration to be an inventor.年幼的爱迪生渴望成为一名发明家。

12 momentum   

n.动力，冲力，势头；动量

参考例句：

• We exploit the energy and momentum conservation laws in this way.我们就是这样利用能量和动量守恒定律的。
• The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。

13 laborious   

adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅

参考例句：

• They had the laborious task of cutting down the huge tree.他们接受了伐大树的艰苦工作。
• Ants and bees are laborious insects.蚂蚁与蜜蜂是勤劳的昆虫。

14 implementation   

n.实施，贯彻

参考例句：

• Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。

15 fiscal   

adj.财政的，会计的，国库的，国库岁入的

参考例句：

• The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。
• The government has two basic strategies of fiscal policy available.政府有两个可行的财政政策基本战略。

16 laboriously   

adv.艰苦地；费力地；辛勤地；（文体等）佶屈聱牙地

参考例句：

• She is tracing laboriously now. 她正在费力地写。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• She is laboriously copying out an old manuscript. 她正在费劲地抄出一份旧的手稿。 来自辞典例句

17 colossal   

adj.异常的，庞大的

参考例句：

• There has been a colossal waste of public money.一直存在巨大的公款浪费。
• Some of the tall buildings in that city are colossal.那座城市里的一些高层建筑很庞大。

18 liquidity   

n.流动性，偿债能力，流动资产

参考例句：

• The bank has progressively increased its liquidity.银行逐渐地增加其流动资产。
• The demand for and the supply of credit is closely linked to changes in liquidity.信用的供求和流动资金的变化有密切关系。