PBS高端访谈:古老沉船揭开了这座城市的海上历史

JUDY WOODRUFF: Now to our "NewsHour" Shares, something that caught our eye that might be of interest to you. Workers at a construction site just miles from the nation's capital recently unearthed¹ some long-forgotten treasures dating back to our nation's founding. Our Julia Griffin explains.

JULIA GRIFFIN: In Old Town, Alexandria, these days, the pulse of progress means helmets, backhoes, and 18th century ships?

ELEANOR BREEN, Acting² Historic Alexandria Archaeologist: Behind us is construction in progress, but also archaeology³ in progress.

JULIA GRIFFIN: Eleanor Breen is acting city archaeologist for historic Alexandria. When developers want to dig on culturally significant land in the city, her team ensures archaeologists are on hand to identify and help preserve any discovered historical artifacts.

ELEANOR BREEN: With a lot of scrapes of the trowel and scoops⁴ of the shovel⁵, there's history on unearthed. But what's being found here is really particularly remarkable⁶.

JULIA GRIFFIN: Remarkable because, in addition to old building foundations and paved alleyways, the archaeologists at this site discovered not one, but three ships from the 1700s hidden in the dirt. But the 12-to-25-foot wide hulls⁸ are not long-forgotten shipwrecks⁹.

ELEANOR BREEN: It was actually a fairly common practice going back centuries to take derelict ships and chop them up and actually use large fragments of the hull⁷ as part of a framework to fill in ground and make new land that didn't exist before.

JULIA GRIFFIN: This map, drawn¹⁰ by a young George Washington, shows Alexandria's natural shoreline with its shallow mudflats in 1748. By the early 1800s, Alexandrians added 10 new city blocks to the waterfront that continue to exist today.

ELEANOR BREEN: To be a premier¹¹ port city, they need to get more land closer to that deeper channel of the Potomac River. It was much easier to get the cargo¹² off of the ships if you can bring the land to the ship, as opposed to smaller ships to the land.

JULIA GRIFFIN: Today, the trio of unearthed ships, likely cargo vessels¹³, sit just south of what had been Point Lumley. Now exposed, their once-waterlogged timbers must be kept moist at all times to prevent warping¹⁴ and degradation¹⁵. Archaeologists are now removing the hulls piece-by-piece and storing them in tanks of water, just as they did with another Revolutionary War era ship found a block away in 2015. That ship is now at Texas A&M undergoing a years-long conservation process to prepare the fragile beams for study and display. Where the new ships end up has yet to be determined¹⁶. But, for Breen, the painstaking¹⁷ measures to preserve them are well worth the effort.

ELEANOR BREEN: I think there's something in our culture about this seafaring days of discovery that captures people's attention when they see such large fragments of vessels in the ground.

JULIA GRIFFIN: City officials hope all the ships could one day be put on exhibit for modern-day Alexandrians to enjoy. For the "PBS NewsHour," I'm Julia Griffin in Alexandria, Virginia.

JUDY WOODRUFF: History everywhere we look. And on the "NewsHour" online right now: A "NewsHour" reporter spends a week only consuming media from Radio Sputnik. That's a Russian government-funded outlet¹⁸ widely seen by experts as a vehicle to disseminate¹⁹ disinformation for the Kremlin. That and more is on our Web site, PBS.org/NewsHour.

朱蒂·伍德瑞夫：现在进行我们的"NewsHour"分享环节，有些事情引起了我们的注意，或许对你有用。建筑工地上，工人们挖出了珍宝，这块建筑工地距离美国首都仅几英里，这些已遭遗忘的文物可追溯到建国初期。请听朱丽亚·格里芬为您详细讲述。

朱丽亚·格里芬：现如今，在亚历山德里亚的奥尔德敦，头盔和反铲挖土机就是进步的脉搏，那十八世纪的船只呢？

历史悠久的亚历山德里亚，考古学家，埃利诺·布莱恩：我们身后的工地仍在建设，考古活动也在开展。

朱丽亚·格里芬：埃利诺·布莱恩是亚历山德里亚城市考古学家，这里历史悠久。这片土地极具文化意义，如果有开发商想在这座城市里动土，她团队内的考古学家们在场，确保识别，并帮助保存任何已经发现的历史文物。

埃利诺·布莱恩：随着那一铲又一铲，历史渐渐浮现。但在这里发现的文物确实非常引人注目。

朱丽亚·格里芬：它们非常引人注目，因为除了古老的建筑地基和铺砌的小巷，该遗址的考古学家发现了不是一艘，而是三艘18世纪的船只，它们深藏泥土之中。但是12到25英尺宽的船体，并非是长久以来遭人遗忘的沉船整体。

埃利诺·布莱恩：人们会将弃船砍断，并利用船体的大块残片，作为部分构架，填补土地，形成此前尚不存在的新土地。这种做法在几个世纪前相当普遍。

朱丽亚·格里芬：这张地图由一位名叫乔治·华盛顿的年轻人所绘，显示了1748年亚历山德里亚自然形成的海岸线以及浅滩。到19世纪初，亚历山德里亚人在海滨修建了10个新的城市街区，至今尚存。

埃利诺·布莱恩：要想成为一个发达的港口城市，就要将土地延伸到波托马克河深处。如果你能让土地靠近船只，而非相反，那么从船上卸货就容易多了。

朱丽亚·格里芬：今天，这三艘出土的船只，可能是货船，就在Point Lumley南面。现在这些船只已经出土，这些曾经浸过水的木材必须始终保持湿润，以防止翘开和腐烂。考古学家现在将船体依次拆除，并存于水箱，这一做法与他们2015年发现另一艘革命战争时期船只时的做法相同。那艘船现在德克萨斯农工大学进行为期数年的维护工作，保护易损横梁，以供研究和展示。我们会在哪里见到新船还不得而知。但是，对布莱恩来说，维护工作虽然辛苦，但很值得。

埃利诺·布莱恩：我认为我们文化中存在一些航海时代大发现的内容，当人们在陆地上看到这么大的船只残片时，这些内容会引起大家的关注。

朱丽亚·格里芬：市政官员希望有一天，所有的船只都可以展出，供现在的亚历山德里亚人参观。PBS NewsHour，我是朱丽亚·格里芬，弗吉尼亚报道。

朱蒂·伍德瑞夫：历史无处不在。现在来看NewsHour线上节目：一位NewsHour记者花费一周时间，在Radio Sputnik进行媒体消费。这是俄罗斯政府资助的一家机构，专家们广泛认为，这是克里姆林宫传播虚假情报的工具。更多内容敬请关注我们的网站，PBS.org/NewsHour。

1 unearthed   

出土的（考古）

参考例句：

• Many unearthed cultural relics are set forth in the exhibition hall. 展览馆里陈列着许多出土文物。
• Some utensils were in a state of decay when they were unearthed. 有些器皿在出土时已经残破。

2 acting   

n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的

参考例句：

• Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她，她只是假装的。
• During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代，她的表演生涯黯然失色。

3 archaeology   

n.考古学

参考例句：

• She teaches archaeology at the university.她在大学里教考古学。
• He displayed interest in archaeology.他对考古学有兴趣。

4 scoops   

n.小铲( scoop的名词复数 )；小勺；一勺[铲]之量；（抢先刊载、播出的）独家新闻v.抢先报道( scoop的第三人称单数 )；（敏捷地）抱起；抢先获得；用铲[勺]等挖（洞等）

参考例句：

• two scoops of mashed potato 两勺土豆泥
• I used three scoops of flour and one(scoop)of sugar. 我用了三杓面粉和一杓糖。 来自辞典例句

5 shovel   

n.铁锨，铲子，一铲之量；v.铲，铲出

参考例句：

• He was working with a pick and shovel.他在用镐和铲干活。
• He seized a shovel and set to.他拿起一把铲就干上了。

6 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

7 hull   

n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳

参考例句：

• The outer surface of ship's hull is very hard.船体的外表面非常坚硬。
• The boat's hull has been staved in by the tremendous seas.小船壳让巨浪打穿了。

8 hulls   

船体( hull的名词复数 )； 船身； 外壳； 豆荚

参考例句：

• Hulls may be removed by aspiration on screens. 脱下的种皮，可由筛子上的气吸装置吸除。
• When their object is attained they fall off like empty hulls from the kernel. 当他们的目的达到以后，他们便凋谢零落，就象脱却果实的空壳一样。

9 shipwrecks   

海难，船只失事( shipwreck的名词复数 )； 沉船

参考例句：

• Shipwrecks are apropos of nothing. 船只失事总是来得出人意料。
• There are many shipwrecks in these waters. 在这些海域多海难事件。

10 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。

11 premier   

adj.首要的；n.总理，首相

参考例句：

• The Irish Premier is paying an official visit to Britain.爱尔兰总理正在对英国进行正式访问。
• He requested that the premier grant him an internview.他要求那位总理接见他一次。

12 cargo   

n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物

参考例句：

• The ship has a cargo of about 200 ton.这条船大约有200吨的货物。
• A lot of people discharged the cargo from a ship.许多人从船上卸下货物。

13 vessels   

n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人

参考例句：

• The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

14 warping   

n.翘面，扭曲，变形v.弄弯，变歪( warp的现在分词 )；使（行为等）不合情理，使乖戾，

参考例句：

• Tilting, warping, and changes in elevation can seriously affect canals and shoreline facilities of various kinks. 倾斜、翘曲和高程变化可以严重地影响水渠和各种岸边设备。 来自辞典例句
• A warping, bending, or cracking, as that by excessive force. 翘曲，弯曲，裂开：翘曲、弯曲或裂开，如过强的外力引起。 来自互联网

15 degradation   

n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变

参考例句：

• There are serious problems of land degradation in some arid zones.在一些干旱地带存在严重的土地退化问题。
• Gambling is always coupled with degradation.赌博总是与堕落相联系。

16 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

17 painstaking   

adj.苦干的；艰苦的，费力的，刻苦的

参考例句：

• She is not very clever but she is painstaking.她并不很聪明，但肯下苦功夫。
• Through years of our painstaking efforts,we have at last achieved what we have today.大家经过多少年的努力，才取得今天的成绩。

18 outlet   

n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄

参考例句：

• The outlet of a water pipe was blocked.水管的出水口堵住了。
• Running is a good outlet for his energy.跑步是他发泄过剩精力的好方法。

19 disseminate   

v.散布；传播

参考例句：

• We should disseminate science and promote the scientific spirit.普及科学知识，弘扬科学精神。
• We sincerely welcome all countries to disseminate their languages in China.我们真诚地欢迎世界各国来华推广本国语言。