科学美国人60秒 SSS 虎鲨正随着海洋变暖而改变它们的出没地

Tiger Sharks, Tracked over Decades, Are Shifting Their Haunts with Ocean Warming

Using a combination of fishing data and satellite tracking, scientists found that the sharks have shifted their range some 250 miles poleward over the past 40 years. 

通过综合利用捕鱼数据和卫星跟踪，科学家们发现，在过去40年中，鲨鱼的活动范围向极地移动了约250英里。

虎鲨

Christopher Intagliata: For Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Christopher Intagliata.

克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔：这里是《科学美国人》的60秒科学，我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔。

As it happens, tiger sharks have something in common with certain East Coasters.

碰巧的是，虎鲨与某些东岸人有一些共同之处。

Neil Hammerschlag: During the winter, when it’s cold, they snowbird down near the Bahamas and off of Florida. And then, during the summer, they migrate north.

尼尔·哈默施拉格：冬天，当天气寒冷时，他们会在巴哈马群岛附近和佛罗里达州附近过冬。然后，在夏天，它们向北迁徙。

Intagliata: Neil Hammerschlag is director of the Shark Research & Conservation Program at the University of Miami.

尼尔·哈默施拉格是迈阿密大学鲨鱼研究与保护项目的负责人。

He and his colleagues analyzed¹ 40 years of fishing catch data and found that as ocean waters warm, the sharks’ range has shifted some 250 miles to the north. The sharks, it seems, are chasing their preferred water temperatures to the north. They also tracked dozens of tiger sharks with satellite tags for nine years and found similar results.

他和同事们分析了40年来的捕鱼数据，发现随着海水变暖，鲨鱼的活动范围向北移动了约250英里。鲨鱼似乎正在追逐它们喜欢的北方水温。他们还用卫星标签追踪了数十只虎鲨九年，并发现了类似的结果。

Hammerschlag: So taken together, we have several lines of evidence that tiger shark distributions and migrations² are changing from ocean warming, causing their distributions and migrations to expand further north. And in these areas, they occur earlier in the year from ocean warming.

哈默施拉格：综上所述，我们有几条证据表明，虎鲨的分布和迁徙正因海洋变暖而发生变化，导致它们的分布和迁徙进一步向北扩展。在这些地区，由于海洋变暖，它们发生在今年早些时候。

Intagliata: Their findings appear in the journal Global Change Biology. [Neil Hammerschlag et al., Ocean warming alters the distributional range, migratory³ timing⁴, and spatial⁵ protections of an apex⁶ predator⁷, the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)]

因塔利亚塔：他们的发现发表在《全球变化生物学》杂志上。[尼尔·哈默施拉格等人，海洋变暖改变了顶级捕食者虎鲨（Galeocerdo cuvier）的分布范围、迁徙时间和空间保护]

This shift matters, Hammerschlag says, because tiger sharks are apex predators⁸, and where they go influences the food web beneath them. The sharks are also moving outside marine⁹ protected areas and into places where they’re more vulnerable to commercial fishing.

哈默施拉格说，这种转变很重要，因为虎鲨是顶级捕食者，它们去哪里会影响它们下面的食物链。鲨鱼在离开海洋保护区，进入更容易被商业捕捞的地方。

Hammerschlag: What this points to is: these marine protected areas need to consider current but also future changes in species distribution due to ocean warming. And they have to be adaptive and work with not only having marine protected areas but also other protections, such as catch limits and other types of more traditional species conservation and management tools, in addition to protecting places.

哈默施拉格：这是指：这些海洋保护区需要考虑当前，但未来的变化，由于海洋变暖的物种分布。它们必须适应环境，不仅要有海洋保护区，还要有其他保护措施，比如捕捞限额和其他类型的更传统的物种保护和管理工具，以及保护场所。

Intagliata: Now, if you don’t find the ecological¹⁰ argument convincing, Hammerschlag pointed¹¹ out one more implication. Although shark bites are relatively¹² rare, he says, if tiger sharks shift their range—and warmer waters draw more bathers to the ocean—that could up the odds¹³ of an unfortunate encounter beneath the waves.

因塔利亚塔：现在，如果你不觉得生态学的论点令人信服，哈默施拉格指出了另一个含义。他说，虽然被鲨鱼咬伤的情况相对较少，但如果虎鲨改变活动范围，温暖的海水吸引更多的游泳者到海洋中，这可能会增加在海浪下遭遇不幸的几率。

1 analyzed   

v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析

参考例句：

• The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程，因为对他来说，爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 migrations   

n.迁移，移居( migration的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• It foundered during the turmoils accompanying the Great Migrations. 它在随着民族大迁徙而出现的混乱中崩溃。 来自辞典例句
• Birds also have built-in timepieces which send them off on fall and spring migrations. 鸟类也有天生的时间感应器指导它们秋春迁移。 来自互联网

3 migratory   

n.候鸟，迁移

参考例句：

• Many migratory birds visit this lake annually.许多候鸟每年到这个湖上作短期逗留。
• This does not negate the idea of migratory aptitude.这并没有否定迁移能力这一概念。

4 timing   

n.时间安排，时间选择

参考例句：

• The timing of the meeting is not convenient.会议的时间安排不合适。
• The timing of our statement is very opportune.我们发表声明选择的时机很恰当。

5 spatial   

adj.空间的，占据空间的

参考例句：

• This part of brain judges the spatial relationship between objects.大脑的这部分判断物体间的空间关系。
• They said that time is the feeling of spatial displacement.他们说时间是空间位移的感觉。

6 apex   

n.顶点，最高点

参考例句：

• He reached the apex of power in the early 1930s.他在三十年代初达到了权力的顶峰。
• His election to the presidency was the apex of his career.当选总统是他一生事业的顶峰。

7 predator   

n.捕食其它动物的动物；捕食者

参考例句：

• The final part of this chapter was devoted to a brief summary of predator species.本章最后部分简要总结了食肉动物。
• Komodo dragon is the largest living lizard and a fearsome predator.科摩多龙是目前存在的最大蜥蜴，它是一种令人恐惧的捕食性动物。

8 predators   

n.食肉动物( predator的名词复数 )；奴役他人者（尤指在财务或性关系方面）

参考例句：

• birds and their earthbound predators 鸟和地面上捕食它们的动物
• The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement. 捕食性动物的眼睛能感觉到最细小的动静。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

10 ecological   

adj.生态的，生态学的

参考例句：

• The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
• Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.

11 pointed   

adj.尖的，直截了当的

参考例句：

• He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
• She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。

12 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

13 odds   

n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别

参考例句：

• The odds are 5 to 1 that she will win.她获胜的机会是五比一。
• Do you know the odds of winning the lottery once?你知道赢得一次彩票的几率多大吗？