科学美国人60秒 为什么复活节岛上的雕像就在这里

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The statues on Easter Island are among the most mysterious objects made by humans. We still don’t know how they were moved, why they were placed at particular sites around the island and why they were made in the first place. Now researchers think they have at least some answers, because a new analysis finds that the statues are situated¹ near sources of freshwater. The study appears in the journal PLOS ONE.

复活节岛上的雕像是人类制造的最神秘的物品。我们仍然不知道这些雕像是如何被移动的，为什么会被放置在岛上的特定地点，以及最初为什么会被制造出来。现在研究人员认为他们至少找到了一些答案，因为一项新的分析发现，这些雕像位于淡水资源附近。这项研究发表在《公共科学图书馆综合》杂志上。

It’s believed that the residents of Rapa Nui—the Indigenous² name for Easter Island—began constructing these carvings³ in the 13th century. The statues, called moai, which sit upon stone platforms called ahu, are the very definition of monumental. Most weigh between 20 and 30 tons. And of the 1.000 on the island, about 400 have been moved from the quarry⁴ where they originated and placed on ahu located elsewhere.

人们认为，拉帕努伊岛(复活节岛的土著名称)的居民在13世纪开始建造这些雕刻。这些雕像被称为“摩艾”，坐落在被称为“胡”的石头平台上，是纪念碑的真正定义。大多数重量在20到30吨之间。在岛上的1000只中，大约400只已经从它们最初的采石场转移到了其他地方。

“But those ahu locations aren’t necessarily everywhere. They’re in some places and not in others. And the question we started to ask ourselves was, ‘Why do we find these ahu and moai some places on the landscape but not others?’”

但这些“胡岛”并非无处不在。有些地方有，有些地方没有。我们开始问自己，‘为什么我们在一些地方发现了这些胡岛和摩艾岛，而在其他地方却没有?’”

Carl Lipo, an anthropologist⁵ at Binghamton University in central New York. He says that most of these sculptures are found along the coast, but some are inland. And they’re not necessarily at obvious places.

卡尔·利波是纽约中部宾汉姆顿大学的人类学家。他说，这些雕塑大部分是在沿海发现的，但也有一些是在内陆。不一定在明显的地方。

“For example, we don’t find ahu and statues located on the tops of hills—places that we might expect to find them if these things were symbolic⁶ or representing ancestors, where you wanted to show off to everybody in he world, or the island itself, the fruits of your creation of these statues.”

“例如,我们找不到位于顶部的雕塑,我们可能期望找到它们,如果这些事情是象征或代表的祖先,你想展示每个人在他的世界里,或岛本身,创造这些雕像的成果。”

So the statues are more than just towering talismans⁷ to be admired from afar. Indeed, Lipo and his colleagues noted⁸ that people spent most of their time living and working around these sites, which made the researchers think that the the statues might be located near a valuable resource.

因此，这些雕像不仅仅是供人们从远处欣赏的高耸护身符。事实上，利波和同事们注意到人们大部分时间都在这些遗址附近生活和工作，因此研究人员认为这些雕像可能地处有价值的资源附近。

“So the question was: What resource? Was it water, freshwater, marine⁹ resources or cultivation¹⁰ places? Which of those, or which combination of those, best explained the locations of ahu on the landscape?”

所以问题是:什么资源?是水、淡水、海洋资源还是养殖场所?哪一种，或哪一种组合，最好地解释了胡岛的地理位置?”

Their statistical¹¹ analyses pointed¹² toward potable water, which Lipo says made sense.

他们的统计分析指向了饮用水，利波说这是有道理的。

“Every single time we found a big source of freshwater, there would be a statue and an ahu. And we saw this over and over and over again. And places where we didn’t find freshwater, we didn’t find statues and ahu.”

现在，这并不意味着这些结构充当了标记——就像一个“到这里来取水”的标志——而是说社区本身与这些资源相联系。因此，他们对雕塑的投资就是围绕着这种资源进行的。

Now, that doesn’t mean that the structures served as markers—like a sign saying “Get Your Water Here”—but rather that the community themselves were connected to those resources. And thus, their investment in statues was done around that resource.

现在，这并不意味着这些结构充当了标记——就像一个“到这里来取水”的标志——而是说社区本身与这些资源相联系。因此，他们对雕塑的投资就是围绕着这种资源进行的。

“Because these are the locations that had the resources that they needed to survive.”

“因为这些地方有生存所需的资源。”

It seems that many of the massive sculptures are where they are for totally pragmatic reasons: “We’ll build here because here is where we want to be.”

似乎建造许多巨大的雕像都是出于实用目的：“我们建造在这里，是因为这是我们想要的地方。”

1 situated   

adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的

参考例句：

• The village is situated at the margin of a forest.村子位于森林的边缘。
• She is awkwardly situated.她的处境困难。

2 indigenous   

adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的

参考例句：

• Each country has its own indigenous cultural tradition.每个国家都有自己本土的文化传统。
• Indians were the indigenous inhabitants of America.印第安人是美洲的土著居民。

3 carvings   

n.雕刻( carving的名词复数 )；雕刻术；雕刻品；雕刻物

参考例句：

• The desk was ornamented with many carvings. 这桌子装饰有很多雕刻物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Shell carvings are a specialty of the town. 贝雕是该城的特产。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 quarry   

n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找

参考例句：

• Michelangelo obtained his marble from a quarry.米开朗基罗从采石场获得他的大理石。
• This mountain was the site for a quarry.这座山曾经有一个采石场。

5 anthropologist   

n.人类学家，人类学者

参考例句：

• The lecturer is an anthropologist.这位讲师是人类学家。
• The anthropologist unearthed the skull of an ancient human at the site.人类学家在这个遗址挖掘出那块古人类的颅骨。

6 symbolic   

adj.象征性的，符号的，象征主义的

参考例句：

• It is symbolic of the fighting spirit of modern womanhood.它象征着现代妇女的战斗精神。
• The Christian ceremony of baptism is a symbolic act.基督教的洗礼仪式是一种象征性的做法。

7 talismans   

n.护身符( talisman的名词复数 )；驱邪物；有不可思议的力量之物；法宝

参考例句：

• Talismans are a form of contagious magic, carried on the person. 护身符就像是一种流行的魔法，携带在人的身上。 来自互联网
• We should welcome the Tiger and the Dragon as talismans. 我们应当把这一龙一虎当作吉祥物欢迎。 来自互联网

8 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

9 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

10 cultivation   

n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成

参考例句：

• The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。
• The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃，不值得耕种。

11 statistical   

adj.统计的，统计学的

参考例句：

• He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table.他用统计表显示价格的波动。
• They're making detailed statistical analysis.他们正在做具体的统计分析。

12 pointed   

adj.尖的，直截了当的

参考例句：

• He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
• She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。