时差N小时 啤酒对身体的影响?

Most everyone knows that alcohol impairs¹ mental and physiological² functions, but what actually goes on at the cellular³ level when you drink a beer?

大多数人都知道啤酒会削弱人的心理和生理功能，但当你喝酒时，在细胞层次上到底在发生着什么？

Alcohol interferes⁴ with the normal function of your brain cells. Under normal circumstances, each of your brain cells allows various substances, such as sodium⁵, calcium⁶ and potassium to permeate⁷ its outer cell membrane⁸. Once inside the brain cell, these substances help give the cell stimulus⁹ it needs to function properly. Then they leave the cell and allow another set of these substances to begin the cycle again.

酒精会干扰大脑细胞的正常功能。在正常情况下，每个大脑细胞允许钠，钙，钾等物质通过外层细胞膜。进入脑细胞后，这些物质能够通过给脑细胞提供必要的刺激来帮助脑细胞正常运作。然后它们离开细胞，让新的一组物质取而代之，开始新的循环。

The millions of cells that make up your brain are continually allowing these substances to penetrate¹⁰ their membranes¹¹ and then expelling these same substances later. All of this action allows the brain to interpret and transport messages. Alcohol consumption prevents sodium from being able to cross brain cell membranes. Once even this part of the cycle breaks down, brain functions become impaired¹².

数以百万计的脑细胞不断地让这些物质穿过细胞膜，之后又将它们排放出去。所有的这些过程都能帮助大脑处理和传输信息。酒精能阻止钠进入脑细胞膜。一旦这部分循环停滞了，脑功能就会受损。

You can notice the affects of this break down after a single drink. Even if you’ve had just one drink, your ability to respond to stimulus decreases and your reaction time slows down. If you’re driving, you might see a car stop, and know that you need to slam on the brakes, but the pathway in your brain that processes this information and causes you to respond to it will be working in slow motion.

这个循环的停滞会造成多大危害呢？喝过一次酒后你就能注意到。即使你刚喝一杯，你对刺激的反应能力就会下降，你的反应就会变慢。如果你在开车，你可能看到一辆车停下了，而且你知道这时你需要急刹车。但是，大脑中处理信息，让你对此作出反应的神经中枢却在短路。

1 impairs   

v.损害，削弱( impair的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Smoking impairs our health. 吸烟会损害我们的健康。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Almost anything that impairs liver function can cause hepatitis. 任何有损于肝功能的因素，几乎都会引起肝炎。 来自辞典例句

2 physiological   

adj.生理学的，生理学上的

参考例句：

• He bought a physiological book.他买了一本生理学方面的书。
• Every individual has a physiological requirement for each nutrient.每个人对每种营养成分都有一种生理上的需要。

3 cellular   

adj.移动的；细胞的，由细胞组成的

参考例句：

• She has a cellular telephone in her car.她的汽车里有一部无线通讯电话机。
• Many people use cellular materials as sensitive elements in hygrometers.很多人用蜂窝状的材料作为测量温度的传感元件。

4 interferes   

vi. 妨碍，冲突，干涉

参考例句：

• The noise interferes with my work. 这噪音妨碍我的工作。
• That interferes with my plan. 那干扰了我的计划。

5 sodium   

n.（化）钠

参考例句：

• Out over the town the sodium lights were lit.在外面，全城的钠光灯都亮了。
• Common salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine.食盐是钠和氯的复合物。

6 calcium   

n.钙(化学符号Ca)

参考例句：

• We need calcium to make bones.我们需要钙来壮骨。
• Calcium is found most abundantly in milk.奶含钙最丰富。

7 permeate   

v.弥漫，遍布，散布；渗入，渗透

参考例句：

• Water will easily permeate a cotton dress.水很容易渗透棉布衣服。
• After a while it begins to permeate through your skin.过了一会，它会开始渗入你的皮肤。

8 membrane   

n.薄膜，膜皮，羊皮纸

参考例句：

• A vibrating membrane in the ear helps to convey sounds to the brain.耳膜的振动帮助声音传送到大脑。
• A plastic membrane serves as selective diffusion barrier.一层塑料薄膜起着选择性渗透屏障的作用。

9 stimulus   

n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物

参考例句：

• Regard each failure as a stimulus to further efforts.把每次失利看成对进一步努力的激励。
• Light is a stimulus to growth in plants.光是促进植物生长的一个因素。

10 penetrate   

v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解

参考例句：

• Western ideas penetrate slowly through the East.西方观念逐渐传入东方。
• The sunshine could not penetrate where the trees were thickest.阳光不能透入树木最浓密的地方。

11 membranes   

n.（动物或植物体内的）薄膜( membrane的名词复数 )；隔膜；（可起防水、防风等作用的）膜状物

参考例句：

• The waste material is placed in cells with permeable membranes. 废液置于有渗透膜的槽中。 来自辞典例句
• The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes. 肌浆网属于细胞内膜系统。 来自辞典例句

12 impaired   

adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Much reading has impaired his vision. 大量读书损害了他的视力。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• His hearing is somewhat impaired. 他的听觉已受到一定程度的损害。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》