六级阅读中的逻辑词汇

 　　一篇文章的各个段落之间、各个句子之间都存在一定的逻辑关系，正确理解这样的逻辑关系对于阅读者有着很重要的意义：首先，借助上下文之间的逻辑关系，阅读者能够更好地理解文章大意、把握中心思想;其次，出题者往往针对文章中出现重要逻辑关系的语句出题。因此，在阅读过程中，阅读者应当十分注重把握文章的逻辑关系、把握表示逻辑关系的小词。

　　一些比较重要的表示逻辑关系的小词分述如下：

　　一、表示强转折关系的词汇

　　表示强烈转折的常见词汇包括：but, yet, however, in fact, nevertheless,nonetheless, indeed, virtually,practically等等。出题者常常针对表示转折含义的语句出题，因此转折的词汇应当引起阅读者的注意，阅读者尤其应当把握好转折词后的文章信息。

　　例 1 ：四级2001年1月22题

　　22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroidwith Earth?

　　A) It is very unlikely but the danger exists。

　　B) Such a collision might occur once every 25 years。

　　C) Collisions of smaller asteroids¹ with Earth occur more oftenthan expected。

　　D) It’s still too early to say whether such a collision mightoccur。

　　22题考查专家如何评论小行星与地球的碰撞。根据关键词“collision”，可以将考题定位至原文二段。在二段末句我们发现了转折标志词“But”，我们可以将考题定位在这句表示强烈转折的句子上，阅读者应当重点把握“But”之后的内容。

　　Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星) that raceacross the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don’tthreaten us. But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbitsput them on a collision course with Earth。

　　二段最后两句话的大意是：大多数(小行星)绕着太阳转，离地球很远，不会威胁到地球。但是仍旧有成千上万颗小行星，它们的轨道是要与地球碰撞的。

　　根据这句话我们可以推断小行星和地球相撞的机率不大，但是确实存在着这样的可能性。因此22题A选项“It is veryunlikely but the danger exists。” (可能性不大，但是危险存在)，是正确选项。

　　例 2 ：六级1998年6月32题：

　　32. Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _______。

　　A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels。

　　B) Their sound levels are kept around peak levels。

　　C) Their sound levels are kept in the middle frequencyranges。

　　D) Unlike regular programs their intensity² of sound varies overa wide range。

　　32题考察广告听起来很吵的原因，根据关键词“Commercial”我们可以定位到文章的第二段。在第二段的最后一句话中我们发现了“However”这一表示强烈转折的词，我们可以将考题定位在二段末两句话。

　　The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in additionto its speak level. Advertisers are skilful³ at creating theimpression of loudness through their expert use of such factors.One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials isthat mush less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial.In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a largerange. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or nearpeak levels。

　　最后两句话的大意是：在普通节目中，声音的强度变化很大。然而，在广告中，声音始终保持在峰值。

　　根据这两句话的提示，我们可以推断广告听起来吵的原因便是声音始终保持在峰值，没有强度的变化。因此，32题的B选项“Theirsound levels are kept around peak levels。” (声音始终保持在峰值)是正确选项。

　　二、表示因果关系的词汇

　　出题者十分热衷于针对文章中表示因果关系的语句出题，这样的语句应当引起阅读者的注意，阅读者应当把握原因和结果分别指代什么文章信息。表示因果关系的词可作如下分类：

　　1、名词：base, basis, result, consequence, reason

　　2、动词：cause, result in, result from, follow from, base on, be dueto

　　3、介词或连词：because, since, for, as, therefore, so, thus, why,with

　　4、副词：as a result, consequently

　　例 1 ：四级2002年6月39题：

　　39. People were given physical fitness tests in order to findout ________。

　　A) how well they could do in athletics⁴

　　B) what their health condition was like

　　C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for them

　　D) whether they were fit for aerobic⁵ exercise

　　39题考查对人们进行体能测试的目的。根据关键词“physical fitnesstests”，我们可以将考题定位至原文第二段，在第二段首句我们发现了因果关系标志词“because”，二段首句就是我们要寻找的答案，阅读者应当注意阅读“because”后的原因内容。

　　Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually includedmeasures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-relatedreasons, but primarily because such fitness components⁶ have beenrelated to performance in athletics. However, in recent years,evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily toimprove muscular strength and endurance might also offer somehealth benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicinenow recommends that weight training be part of a total fitnessprogram for healthy Americans. Increased participation⁷ in suchtraining is one of the specific physical activity and fitnessobjectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion⁸ andDisease Prevention Objectives。

　　二段首句的大意为：历史上，大多数体能测试通常包括肌肉力量测试和耐力测试，这并不是要看谁更健康，主要是因为这些体能指标与体育成绩有关。

　　根据这句话我们可以推断，对人们进行体能测试是出于体育的目的，其目的在于考查他们能在运动中取得多好的成绩。因此A选项“howwell they could do in athletics”(人们在运动中能取得怎样的成绩)，是正确选项。

　　例 2 ：六级2001年1月19题：

　　19. Why did some TT practitioners⁹ agree to be the subjects ofEmily's experiment?

　　A) It involved nothing more than mere¹⁰ guessing.

　　B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun。

　　C) It was more straightforward¹¹ than other experiments.

　　D) They sensed no harm in a little girl'sexperiment. 

　　19题考察为何TT的从业人员同意接受Emily的实验。在文章三段最后两句，我们找到了标志词“because”，这两句话阐述了某个因果关系。

　　Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To providesuch proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independenttesting--something they haven't been eager to do, even though JamesRandi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who candemonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had onetaker so far. She failed。) A skeptic¹² might conclude that TTpractitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But whocould turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily: “I thinkthey didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid."

　　最后两句的大意为：谁会拒绝一个四年级的小孩?Emily说：“因为我是个孩子，所以他们没把我当回事。”

　　根据这两句话我们可以推断TT从业人员之所以参见Emily的试验，是因为他们认为Emily只是一个小孩子，参加她的试验应当没有任何危险。因此，19题D选项“They sensed no harm in a little girl'sexperiment。”(他们感到一个小女孩的实验没什么危险)是正确选项。

1 asteroids   

n.小行星( asteroid的名词复数 )；海盘车，海星

参考例句：

• Asteroids,also known as "minor planets",are numerous in the outer space. 小行星，亦称为“小型行星”，在外太空中不计其数。
• Most stars probably have their quota of planets, meteorids, comets, and asteroids. 多数恒星也许还拥有若干行星、流星、彗星和小行星。

2 intensity   

n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度

参考例句：

• I didn't realize the intensity of people's feelings on this issue.我没有意识到这一问题能引起群情激奋。
• The strike is growing in intensity.罢工日益加剧。

3 skilful   

(=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的

参考例句：

• The more you practise,the more skilful you'll become.练习的次数越多，熟练的程度越高。
• He's not very skilful with his chopsticks.他用筷子不大熟练。

4 athletics   

n.运动，体育，田径运动

参考例句：

• When I was at school I was always hopeless at athletics.我上学的时候体育十分糟糕。
• Our team tied with theirs in athletics.在田径比赛中，我们队与他们队旗鼓相当。

5 aerobic   

adj.需氧的，增氧健身法的，有氧的

参考例句：

• Aerobic exercise helps to build up stamina.有氧健身操有助于增强耐力。
• Aerobic dance is conductive to the health.有氧舞蹈有助于健康。

6 components   

（机器、设备等的）构成要素，零件，成分； 成分( component的名词复数 )； [物理化学]组分； [数学]分量； （混合物的）组成部分

参考例句：

• the components of a machine 机器部件
• Our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。

7 participation   

n.参与，参加，分享

参考例句：

• Some of the magic tricks called for audience participation.有些魔术要求有观众的参与。
• The scheme aims to encourage increased participation in sporting activities.这个方案旨在鼓励大众更多地参与体育活动。

8 promotion   

n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传

参考例句：

• The teacher conferred with the principal about Dick's promotion.教师与校长商谈了迪克的升级问题。
• The clerk was given a promotion and an increase in salary.那个职员升了级，加了薪。

9 practitioners   

n.习艺者，实习者( practitioner的名词复数 )；从业者（尤指医师）

参考例句：

• one of the greatest practitioners of science fiction 最了不起的科幻小说家之一
• The technique is experimental, but the list of its practitioners is growing. 这种技术是试验性的，但是采用它的人正在增加。 来自辞典例句

10 mere   

adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过

参考例句：

• That is a mere repetition of what you said before.那不过是重复了你以前讲的话。
• It's a mere waste of time waiting any longer.再等下去纯粹是浪费时间。

11 straightforward   

adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的

参考例句：

• A straightforward talk is better than a flowery speech.巧言不如直说。
• I must insist on your giving me a straightforward answer.我一定要你给我一个直截了当的回答。

12 skeptic   

n.怀疑者，怀疑论者，无神论者

参考例句：

• She is a skeptic about the dangers of global warming.她是全球变暖危险的怀疑论者。
• How am I going to convince this skeptic that she should attention to my research?我将如何使怀疑论者确信她应该关注我的研究呢？