VOA慢速英语--Common Sentence Patterns: Part 3

Common Sentence Patterns: Part 3

From VOA Learning English, this is Everyday Grammar.

English has many patterns. Basic grammatical patterns can explain the structure of around 95% of sentences in English, says Martha Kolln, a grammar expert.

Learning and mastering these patterns can help you improve your writing and speaking skills.

We have discussed three common patterns in previous Everyday Grammar stories.

Today we will explore another common pattern: the intransitive verb pattern.

To start you thinking about intransitive verbs consider this passage. It is from the poem "The human family" by famous writer and poet Maya Angelou.

We love and lose in China,

we weep on England's moors²,

and laugh and moan in Guinea,

and thrive on Spanish shores.

By the end of this story, you will be able to recognize and understand the intransitive verb pattern that Angelou uses many times in the stanza³.

The intransitive verb pattern:

The intransitive verb pattern is unusual. It is unusual because, unlike other verb patterns, the predicate requires only the verb:

Subject + Intransitive Verb

(Predicate)

Common intransitive verbs include action verbs – go, come, walk, cry, or laugh, for example. In these verbs, the subject's action is not applied⁴ to an object. In other words, most intransitive verbs can end sentences; they do not need nouns or adjectives to their right.*

The lines from the classic American song "Just Friends" give an example of the intransitive verb pattern in its most basic form:

We loved,

we laughed,

we cried

However, sentences with just the subject and intransitive verb are not very common in writing or speaking. Usually, the sentence has more information: an adverbial structure.

Adverbials:

Adverbials are words or phrases that give information about time, place, manner, or reason. Adverbials answer questions like How often? Where? Why? When?

The two most common adverbial structures you will find are adverbs and prepositional phrases.

Adverbs, such as suddenly, quickly, here, soon, or sometimes, modify a verb.

Prepositional phrases are groups of words that begin with a preposition and are followed by an object, usually a noun phrase.

Common prepositions include in, on, at, between, above, and below.

Adverbs and prepositional phrases often follow intransitive verbs.

Think back to the basic intransitive verb pattern.

Subject + Intransitive verb

It is grammatically correct to say a simple sentence like this:

We laughed.

Subject + Intransitive Verb

You can put more information into the sentence by adding an adverb:

We laughed loudly.

Subject + Intransitive Verb + Adverb

Or you could give even more information by adding a prepositional phrase:

We laughed at the man's silly jokes.

Subject + Intransitive Verb + Prepositional Phrase

In intransitive verb patterns, adverbs or prepositional phrases are often referred to as "optional." In other words, a sentence is still grammatical without them. You, as the speaker or writer, choose how much information you want to include in the sentence.

What does this have to do with the poem?

Now, think back to the part of Maya Angelou's poem:

We love and lose in China,

we weep on England's moors,

and laugh and moan in Guinea,

and thrive on Spanish shores.

You can see that every single line uses an intransitive verb paired with a prepositional phrase.

Consider the first line: We love and lose in China.

The subject is 'we' and two intransitive verbs 'love' and 'lose'** are paired with the prepositional phrase, in China. The two verbs are joined by a conjunction, and.

The second line follows the basic intransitive verb pattern, but it has an optional prepositional phrase:

The second two lines follow the same patterns as the first two lines. This series of patterns is an example of parallelism, which you can read about in an earlier Everyday Grammar story.

What can you do?

To practice using the intransitive verb pattern, try writing four lines of poetry in the style of Angelou's poem. Post your writing in the comments section of this story, or on our Facebook page.

We/I ______ in _______

We/I ______ on _______

And ____ and ____ in/on _____

And _____ on/in ________

Remember, you should not use Angelou's exact words; rather, you should choose your own noun phrases, intransitive verbs, and prepositional phrases. Just put your own words into the pattern we discussed today.

Learning this pattern, and other patterns discussed in previous grammar stories, will not only help you study the writing of great authors. These patterns will help you write and speak in your own clear, concise⁵ sentences, too.

Words in This Story

stanza – n. a group of lines in a poem

pattern – n. something that happens in a regular and repeated way

intransitive – adj. not taking or having a direct object

weep – v. to cry because you are very sad or are feeling some other strong emotion

moor¹ – n. a broad area of open land that is not good for farming — used especially to refer to land in Great Britain — usually plural⁶

moan – v. to make a long, low sound because of pain, unhappiness, or physical pleasure

thrive – v. to grow or develop successfully

1 moor   

n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊

参考例句：

• I decided to moor near some tourist boats.我决定在一些观光船附近停泊。
• There were hundreds of the old huts on the moor.沼地上有成百上千的古老的石屋。

2 moors   

v.停泊，系泊（船只）( moor的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• the North York moors 北约克郡的漠泽
• They're shooting grouse up on the moors. 他们在荒野射猎松鸡。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 stanza   

n.（诗）节，段

参考例句：

• We omitted to sing the second stanza.我们漏唱了第二节。
• One young reporter wrote a review with a stanza that contained some offensive content.一个年轻的记者就歌词中包含有攻击性内容的一节写了评论。

4 applied   

adj.应用的；v.应用，适用

参考例句：

• She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
• This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。

5 concise   

adj.简洁的，简明的

参考例句：

• The explanation in this dictionary is concise and to the point.这部词典里的释义简明扼要。
• I gave a concise answer about this.我对于此事给了一个简要的答复。

6 plural   

n.复数；复数形式；adj.复数的

参考例句：

• Most plural nouns in English end in's '.英语的复数名词多以s结尾。
• Here you should use plural pronoun.这里你应该用复数代词。