全球社会热点新闻 日本啃老族

搜索

复制

Family life:Japanese NEET

日本啃老族

NEET is an acronym¹ for the government classification for people currently “Not in Employment, Education or Training”. It was first used in the United Kingdom but its use has spread to other countries, including Japan, China and South Korea.

NEET(啃老族)是目前政府划分的“未就业、未受教育或未受培训”的人群的缩写。英国最早釆用,但已传播到日本、中国和韩国 等其他国家。

In the United Kingdom, the classification comprises people aged² between 16 and 18 (some 16 year olds are still of compulsory³ school age). In Japan, the classification comprises people aged between 15 and 34 who are unemployed⁴, unmarried, not enrolled⁵ in school or engaged in housewoiic, and not seeking work or the technical training needed for work. The 1<NEET group” is not a uniform set of individuals but consists of those who will be NEET for a short time while essentially⁶ testing out a variety of opportunities and those who have major and often multiple issues and are at long term risk of remaining disengaged.

在英国，这类人由16—18岁的人组成(一些16岁的人仍处于义 务教育的年龄。在日本,这类人15—34岁，未就业、未婚、未上学或 未从事家务劳动,而又不去寻找工作或接受工作所需要的培训。啃老族不是固定的一群人,他们包括那些基本上尝试各种机会而短期 不工作、不上学或不参加培训的人，和那些有主要问题、且经常将问 题扩大导致长期无所事事的人。

The demographic prevalence of NEETs has been indicated in employment statistics. The growth in the NEET population (whose estimated size rose from 480,000 in September 2002 to 520,000 in September 2003, according to the Japanese Ministry⁷ of Health, Labor⁸ and Welfare), has been met with concern by Japanese politicians, due to the potential impact it would have on the Japanese economy. Other surveys by the Japanese government in 2002 present a much larger figure of 850,000 people who can be classified as NEET in the Japanese population, of which 60 percent is constituted by twenty-five to thirty-four year-olds.

就业统计已经证明了啃老族的风行。据日本卫生、劳动和福利部门的统计，啃老族的规棋已经由2002年9月的48万增长到了2003年9月的52万。啃老族的增长已经引起了日本政界的关注,因为他们对日本经济有潜在的影响。而根据日本政府2002年的其他调査,更是有85万人可以被划分为啃族,而且这中间60%是25至34岁的人。

Unlike most Western European countries, Japan's unemployment benefit terminates automatically after three to six months. Hence NEET in Jq>an are entirely⁹ financed by their parents. The problem is attributed entirely to the individual's social wtthdraml as well as the middle class parents* willingness to support this. This form of social withdrawal¹⁰ is linked to the hikiko-mori phenomenon. This phenomenon is seen as a symptom of Japanese working culture which some regard as unduly¹¹ oppressive with routine demands for overtime¹² and personal sacrifice, in extreme cases resulting in death due to overwork. NEETs, hikikomori or freeters may belong to a proportion of the younger generation who are unwilling¹³ to or incapable¹⁴ of putting up with the values imposed upon them by older generations and totalitarian society.

与大多数西欧国家不同的是，日本的失业救济金自动在3至6个月后终止。因此日本啃老族的经济完全靠父母资助。这个问题完全是由于个人社交回避以及中产阶级的父母愿意支持他们这种生活造成的。这种社交回避和孤立者现象是分不开的。日本的工作文化要求长期过度加班和个人 牺牲，甚至出现过度工作致死的极端案例,这种现象被认为是日本工作文化压迫下所产生的相应症状。啃老族、孤立者或飞特族可能属于那些不應或无法接受老一辈和极权社会将其价值观强加 在他们身上的年轻人，

In Japan, NEETs are those who have rejected the accepted social model of adulthood¹⁵ in seeking full-time¹⁶ employment after graduation or further training through the governmental Hello Work schemes to obtain marketable job skills. Some experts state that this issue is due to the extended economic stagnation¹⁷ during the 1990s, which led to high unemployment amongst young people, 2.13 million by some estimates, reflected in a change in status of freeters, who were nominally¹⁸ employed, into NEETs.

在日本，啃老族拒绝接受在毕业后寻找成人社会的全职工作或通过政府“你好，工作”计划接 受符合市场需求的工作技能培训。一些专家指出,这个问题是由于自20世纪90年代长期的经济停 滞造成的。经济停滞导致大量年轻人失业，统计表明这个数字达到了213万。这反映了由名义上还 是有工作的飞特族到啃老族的转变。

NEET is distinct from freeter, the classification for those who continually move between low-wage jobs. Both are seen as a reaction by Japanese youth against the more traditional career path of salary man. The development of freeters and NEETs in Japan shows that the system of lifetime employment has disintegrated¹⁹ in the face of economic pressures together with globalization, where individuals are expected to innovate²⁰ and communicate across cultures, and where a defined employee role may not exist. The availability of life-long employment in a single company has become increasingly untenable for both corporations and individuals.

啃老族有别于飞特族。飞特族指持续在低薪职业里流动的人。两者都被视为是日本年轻人对传统上班族生活的反抗。飞特族和啃老族的发展表明，日本的终身雇用制度已经在经济压力和全球化面前瓦解了。在这种形势下,个人必须具备创造性和跨文化交际能力,死板地工作是无法生存的。在一个公司里，终身就业对企业和个人来说越来越不适合。

Professor Michiko Miyamoto describes the situation as a: “breakdown of the social framework forged in an industrial society, by which young people become adults.”

宫本美智子教授将这种情况描述为：“工业社会形成的社会框架在年轻人步人成人后崩溃了。”

1 acronym   

n.首字母简略词，简称

参考例句：

• That's a mouthful of an acronym for a very simple technology.对于一项非常简单的技术来说，这是一个很绕口的缩写词。
• TSDF is an acronym for Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities.TSDF是处理，储存和处置设施的一个缩写。

2 aged   

adj.年老的，陈年的

参考例句：

• He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了，也老点了。
• He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老，然而记忆力还好。

3 compulsory   

n.强制的，必修的；规定的，义务的

参考例句：

• Is English a compulsory subject?英语是必修课吗？
• Compulsory schooling ends at sixteen.义务教育至16岁为止。

4 unemployed   

adj.失业的，没有工作的；未动用的，闲置的

参考例句：

• There are now over four million unemployed workers in this country.这个国家现有四百万失业人员。
• The unemployed hunger for jobs.失业者渴望得到工作。

5 enrolled   

adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起

参考例句：

• They have been studying hard from the moment they enrolled. 从入学时起，他们就一直努力学习。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He enrolled with an employment agency for a teaching position. 他在职业介绍所登了记以谋求一个教师的职位。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

7 ministry   

n.(政府的)部；牧师

参考例句：

• They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
• We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。

8 labor   

n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦

参考例句：

• We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
• He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

9 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

10 withdrawal   

n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销

参考例句：

• The police were forced to make a tactical withdrawal.警方被迫进行战术撤退。
• They insisted upon a withdrawal of the statement and a public apology.他们坚持要收回那些话并公开道歉。

11 unduly   

adv.过度地，不适当地

参考例句：

• He did not sound unduly worried at the prospect.他的口气听上去对前景并不十分担忧。
• He argued that the law was unduly restrictive.他辩称法律的约束性有些过分了。

12 overtime   

adj.超时的，加班的；adv.加班地

参考例句：

• They are working overtime to finish the work.为了完成任务他们正在加班加点地工作。
• He was paid for the overtime he worked.他领到了加班费。

13 unwilling   

adj.不情愿的

参考例句：

• The natives were unwilling to be bent by colonial power.土著居民不愿受殖民势力的摆布。
• His tightfisted employer was unwilling to give him a raise.他那吝啬的雇主不肯给他加薪。

14 incapable   

adj.无能力的，不能做某事的

参考例句：

• He would be incapable of committing such a cruel deed.他不会做出这么残忍的事。
• Computers are incapable of creative thought.计算机不会创造性地思维。

15 adulthood   

n.成年，成人期

参考例句：

• Some infantile actions survive into adulthood.某些婴儿期的行为一直保持到成年期。
• Few people nowadays are able to maintain friendships into adulthood.如今很少有人能将友谊维持到成年。

16 full-time   

adj.满工作日的或工作周的，全时间的

参考例句：

• A full-time job may be too much for her.全天工作她恐怕吃不消。
• I don't know how she copes with looking after her family and doing a full-time job.既要照顾家庭又要全天工作，我不知道她是如何对付的。

17 stagnation   

n. 停滞

参考例句：

• Poor economic policies led to a long period of stagnation and decline. 糟糕的经济政策道致了长时间的经济萧条和下滑。
• Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. 运动是绝对的，而静止是相对的。

18 nominally   

在名义上，表面地； 应名儿

参考例句：

• Dad, nominally a Methodist, entered Churches only for weddings and funerals. 爸名义上是卫理公会教徒，可只去教堂参加婚礼和葬礼。
• The company could not indicate a person even nominally responsible for staff training. 该公司甚至不能指出一个名义上负责职员培训的人。

19 disintegrated   

v.（使）破裂[分裂，粉碎]，（使）崩溃( disintegrate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The plane disintegrated as it fell into the sea. 飞机坠入大海时解体了。
• The box was so old;it just disintegrated when I picked it up. 那箱子太破旧了，我刚一提就散了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

20 innovate   

v.革新，变革，创始

参考例句：

• We must innovate in order to make progress.我们必须改革以便取得进步。
• It is necessary to innovate and develop military theories.创新和发展军事理论是必要的。