经济学人:公司理论:科斯集结令(2)

 　　A well-defined task can easily be put out to the market, where a contractor¹ is paid a fixed² sum for doing it. 定义明确的任务可以被轻轻松松地交于市场。在那里，签约人被付给一笔固定的钱来完成这项任务。

　　The firm comes into its own when simple contracts of this kind will not suffice. 当这类简单的合约不够用时，公司会转向自身。

　　Instead, an employee agrees to follow varied³ and changing instructions, up to agreed limits, for a fixed salary. 为了一笔固定的薪水，雇员会转而同意听从种类繁多和不断变化的指令。

　　Coase had first set out his theory while working as a lecturer in Dundee, in 1932, having spent the prior academic year in America, visiting factories and businesses. 科斯是在1932在敦提做讲师时第一次提出他的理论的，之前一个学年，他是在美国渡过的，游历了许多工厂和公司。

　　“The nature of the firm”, his paper, did not appear for another five years, in part because he was reluctant to rush into print. 他的论文——《公司的性质》(The nature of the firm)在那之后的5年中没有出场，部分是因为他不情愿匆忙出版。

　　Though widely cited today, it went largely unread at first. 尽管这篇论文如今被广泛引用，最初却乏人问津。

　　But a second paper, “The problem of social cost”, published in 1960, by which time he had moved to America, brought him to prominence⁴. 但是，在他已经移居美国的1960年发表的第二篇论文——《社会成本问题》(The problem of social cost)却让他名声大振。

　　It argued that private bargaining could resolve social problems, such as pollution, as long as property rights are well defined and transaction costs are low (they rarely are). 这篇论文指出，只要产权有明确的定义而且（很少低廉的）交易成本低廉，私下的讨价还价能够解决污染这类社会问题。

　　He had been asked to expound⁵ his new theory earlier that year to a sceptical audience of University of Chicago economists⁶. 那一年的早些时候，他曾被要求向芝加哥大学经济学家中一群持怀疑态度的听众解释他的新理论。

　　By the end of the evening, he had won everyone around. 到那天晚上为止，他赢得了在场的每一个人。

　　Coase was invited to join the university's faculty⁷ in 1964; and there he remained until his death in 2013 at the age of 102. 1964年，科斯应受邀加入这所大学，并且在那里一直执教到2013年他以102岁高龄去世为止。

1 contractor   

n.订约人，承包人，收缩肌

参考例句：

• The Tokyo contractor was asked to kick $ 6000 back as commission.那个东京的承包商被要求退还6000美元作为佣金。
• The style of house the contractor builds depends partly on the lay of the land.承包商所建房屋的式样，有几分要看地势而定。

2 fixed   

adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的

参考例句：

• Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？
• Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。

3 varied   

adj.多样的，多变化的

参考例句：

• The forms of art are many and varied.艺术的形式是多种多样的。
• The hotel has a varied programme of nightly entertainment.宾馆有各种晚间娱乐活动。

4 prominence   

n.突出；显著；杰出；重要

参考例句：

• He came to prominence during the World Cup in Italy.他在意大利的世界杯赛中声名鹊起。
• This young fashion designer is rising to prominence.这位年轻的时装设计师的声望越来越高。

5 expound   

v.详述；解释；阐述

参考例句：

• Why not get a diviner to expound my dream?为什么不去叫一个占卜者来解释我的梦呢？
• The speaker has an hour to expound his views to the public.讲演者有1小时时间向公众阐明他的观点。

6 economists   

n.经济学家，经济专家( economist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The sudden rise in share prices has confounded economists. 股价的突然上涨使经济学家大惑不解。
• Foreign bankers and economists cautiously welcomed the minister's initiative. 外国银行家和经济学家对部长的倡议反应谨慎。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 faculty   

n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员

参考例句：

• He has a great faculty for learning foreign languages.他有学习外语的天赋。
• He has the faculty of saying the right thing at the right time.他有在恰当的时候说恰当的话的才智。