PBS高端访谈:如果希拉里胜选 那么她的贸易政策是什么样

 　　GWEN IFILL: But, first: If immigration is one of this year's big policy debates, the other is free trade. And when it comes to the future of how the U.S. does business abroad, the two major candidates are not sounding that far apart.

　　Last week, correspondent Paul Solman spoke² with economist³ Peter Navarro about Donald Trump⁴'s approach.

　　Tonight, Paul talks trade with Ohio Senator Sherrod Brown, one of Hillary Clinton's biggest supporters.

　　It's part of our Making Sense series, which airs every Thursday.

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN (D-Ohio): Denise? Denise.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: Sherrod Brown's been buying suits made in Brooklyn, Ohio, for years. The Democratic senator has long pushed made in America, long fought free trade agreements which, he says, have shafted⁶ blue-collar workers.

　　MAN: Senator Brown is calling for action against cheating China.

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN: They don't play fair, and we have got to fight back.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: The message carried him to reelection four years ago in a state that's bled some 300,000 manufacturing jobs in the last 20 years.

　　SEN. BERNIE SANDERS (I-Vt): We have lost millions of decent-paying jobs. That has got to end.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: Left-wingers like Bernie Sanders have long shared Brown's stance on trade. But opposition⁷ to trade deals has gone mainstream⁸ in 2016.

　　DONALD TRUMP (R), Presidential Nominee⁹: We're letting our jobs go to Mexico.

　　HILLARY CLINTON (D), Presidential Nominee: As president, I will stand up to China and anyone else who tries to take advantage of American workers and companies.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: The big switch is Clinton, long associated with free trade agreements. Brown threw his support behind her early on, because, her insists, she now gets it.

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN: She is someone who understands trade, who understands we want more of it, but we want it under a different set of rules.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: Brown brought us to the Keystone suit plant in the Cleveland suburbs to elaborate.

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN: What she wants to do on enforcing trade policy, she wants to triple the number of trade enforcement officers, which will really matter in trying to level the playing field fighting with South Korea and China and other countries that don't play it straight.

　　She wants a special trade prosecutor¹¹ directed specifically at China, where we have by far our largest bilateral¹² trade deficit¹³. We lost five million jobs from 2000 to 2010, 60,000 plants closed — this one almost closed — in large part because of unfair trade practices.

　　如果希拉里胜选 那么她的贸易政策是什么样

　　PAUL SOLMAN: Two years ago, Hugo Boss it would close this factory. But Brown helped facilitate its sale to Keystone Tailored Manufacturing.

　　The workers here have been making Hart Schaffner Marx suits ever since.

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN: You know, these are not high-paying jobs, but they're good union jobs with good union benefits.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: No surprise, then, that the senior senator is something of a hero here. Brown says he walks the walk on trade, while Donald Trump doesn't.

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN: I have a number of suits that were made in — on this shop floor. Donald Trump outsources his suits to Mexico. He could have bought them here. He could have had them made here. He outsourced — outsources his ties to China. He outsources. This tie's made in the U.S.

　　Donald Trump talks a good game on trade, but he's never lived it. He's lined his pockets by outsourcing jobs to low-wage countries, and now he's talking about trade as if he actually means it? I have been engaged in this fight for 25 years against bad trade policy, I have never seen Donald Trump stand with us. I have never even heard Donald Trump's name or voice while we're working against bad trade policy.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: Well, you haven't heard Hillary Clinton's voice on this issue either.

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN: I absolutely trust Hillary Clinton to stand strong on these trade agreements. When she was in the Senate, she voted against some, she voted for some.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: Clinton has taken plenty of heat for changing her mind about the Trans-Pacific Partnership¹⁴. As secretary of state, she said:

　　HILLARY CLINTON: This TPP sets the gold standard in trade agreements.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: But candidate Clinton has reversed course.

　　HILLARY CLINTON: I will stop any trade deal that kills jobs or holds down wages, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership.

　　HILLARY CLINTON: I oppose it now, I will oppose it after the election, and I will oppose it as president.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: You understand why people would say she's absolutely done an about-face on this issue, right, and that she might well go back on the position she now has if she becomes president.

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN: Well, she supported TPP in the early days because she was the — she worked for the president of the United States in his cabinet, and so did everybody else in the Cabinet support TPP.

　　As a candidate, she understands it, and she looks at TPP in a different way, fixing rules of origin, fixing currency issues, fixing investor-state dispute settlement, which undermines environmental and worker safety standards.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: In nearby Cleveland, at the former site of

　　Premier¹⁵ Manufacturing, we met economist Susan Helper, a progressive Democrat⁵ who also supports Hillary Clinton.

　　So, when a plant like this closes down, there's substantial economic damage.

　　SUSAN HELPER, Economist: yes. The people in the plant lose their jobs. People working in restaurants nearby lose their jobs. Home values fall, et cetera.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: This steel wire plant, which moved most of its work to Mexico, exemplifies the migration¹ of U.S. manufacturing.

　　SUSAN HELPER: The decline of unions and the figuring out by management of strategies to avoid unions in the U.S., and then a movement, particularly after NAFTA was signed, to Mexico, and even lower wages there.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: The North American Free Trade Agreement was signed by Bill Clinton in 1993. But his wife has become a critic, for good reason, says Professor Helper.

　　SUSAN HELPER: I think that one of the things now, we have greater experience. We can see what — what's happened as a result of some of the trade agreements.

　　There's some very excellent work that suggests that workers who are displaced by trade or other reasons, but particularly by trade, don't easily find new jobs. And particularly in the case of a lost manufacturing job, the new job that somebody gets doesn't equal their previous wage.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: But many economists¹⁶ argue, robots, not trade deals, are the real job-robbers.

　　So, I asked Sherrod Brown, isn't it technology that's actually replacing jobs, as opposed to unfair trade?

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN: Well, it's all of the above. It's unfair trade practices. It's technology. About five miles from my home is a company called ArcelorMittal. That plant was the first plant in world history where close to one person hour of labor¹⁰ produces one ton of steel.

　　That's technology, that's efficiency. That's put some steelworkers out of work because they're so efficient.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: Right.

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN: But unfair trade practices has also — have also put a lot of those workers out of work.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: Moreover, Susan Helper's research suggests that technology can actually add jobs at ArcelorMittal or anywhere else.

　　SUSAN HELPER: When your productivity goes up, your price falls, so more people are going to want to buy things made out of steel. We looked at manufacturing industries over the last couple of decades, and found that those industries that had the greatest productivity growth actually had the most job gains.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: But why?

　　SUSAN HELPER: Because they found new markets. They were able to expand into new markets and find new uses for the technology that they had innovated¹⁷.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: Even so, Sherrod Brown believes candidate Clinton's tougher stance on trade is a welcome one.

　　SEN. SHERROD BROWN: I'm glad we are most efficient steel plant in the world less than 10 miles from here, but we have got a lot of work to do to make sure trade enforcement is done the way Secretary Clinton wants it done. And that — that will ultimately provide jobs. It will save jobs. It will help manufacturing rebirth.

　　PAUL SOLMAN: This is economics correspondent Paul Solman in and around Cleveland, Ohio.

1 migration   

n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙

参考例句：

• Swallows begin their migration south in autumn.燕子在秋季开始向南方迁移。
• He described the vernal migration of birds in detail.他详细地描述了鸟的春季移居。

2 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

3 economist   

n.经济学家，经济专家，节俭的人

参考例句：

• He cast a professional economist's eyes on the problem.他以经济学行家的眼光审视这个问题。
• He's an economist who thinks he knows all the answers.他是个经济学家，自以为什么都懂。

4 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

5 democrat   

n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员

参考例句：

• The Democrat and the Public criticized each other.民主党人和共和党人互相攻击。
• About two years later,he was defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter.大约两年后，他被民主党人杰米卡特击败。

6 shafted   

有箭杆的，有柄的，有羽轴的

参考例句：

• I got shafted in that deal. 我在那次交易中受骗。 来自互联网
• I was shafted into paying too much. 我被骗得多花了钱。 来自互联网

7 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

8 mainstream   

n.（思想或行为的）主流；adj.主流的

参考例句：

• Their views lie outside the mainstream of current medical opinion.他们的观点不属于当今医学界观点的主流。
• Polls are still largely reflects the mainstream sentiment.民调还在很大程度上反映了社会主流情绪。

9 nominee   

n.被提名者；被任命者；被推荐者

参考例句：

• His nominee for vice president was elected only after a second ballot.他提名的副总统在两轮投票后才当选。
• Mr.Francisco is standing as the official nominee for the post of District Secretary.弗朗西斯科先生是行政书记职位的正式提名人。

10 labor   

n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦

参考例句：

• We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
• He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

11 prosecutor   

n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人

参考例句：

• The defender argued down the prosecutor at the court.辩护人在法庭上驳倒了起诉人。
• The prosecutor would tear your testimony to pieces.检查官会把你的证言驳得体无完肤。

12 bilateral   

adj.双方的，两边的，两侧的

参考例句：

• They have been negotiating a bilateral trade deal.他们一直在商谈一项双边贸易协定。
• There was a wide gap between the views of the two statesmen on the bilateral cooperation.对双方合作的问题，两位政治家各自所持的看法差距甚大。

13 deficit   

n.亏空，亏损；赤字，逆差

参考例句：

• The directors have reported a deficit of 2.5 million dollars.董事们报告赤字为250万美元。
• We have a great deficit this year.我们今年有很大亏损。

14 partnership   

n.合作关系，伙伴关系

参考例句：

• The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
• Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。

15 premier   

adj.首要的；n.总理，首相

参考例句：

• The Irish Premier is paying an official visit to Britain.爱尔兰总理正在对英国进行正式访问。
• He requested that the premier grant him an internview.他要求那位总理接见他一次。

16 economists   

n.经济学家，经济专家( economist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The sudden rise in share prices has confounded economists. 股价的突然上涨使经济学家大惑不解。
• Foreign bankers and economists cautiously welcomed the minister's initiative. 外国银行家和经济学家对部长的倡议反应谨慎。 来自《简明英汉词典》

17 innovated   

v.改革，创新( innovate的过去式和过去分词 )；引入（新事物、思想或方法），

参考例句：

• He innovated a plan for increased efficiency. 他引进提高效率的（新）方案。 来自辞典例句
• We are using innovated metal detector which is imported from the U.K. 本工厂有先进的生产设备，拥有从英国进口的金属探测机。 来自互联网